疑问句是询问一些有关事情,可分为:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、 选择疑问句、反意疑问句。 一、一般疑问句:
可以用yes /no来回答,其语序是:系动词be / 助动词/ 情态动词+主语+其他成分?一般疑问句一般读升调(↑) 注意:
1.将陈述句变为一般疑问句时,如句中有be 动词(am is are …)时,可直接将它们提至主语前。如主语为第一人称,应将其改为第二人称。如:
I'm in Class 2Grade 1. →Are you in Class 2Grade 1﹖ We're watching TV. →Are you watching TV﹖
2.陈述句中有情态动词(can may must …)时,也可直接将它们提至主语前,即可成为一般疑问句。如: He can swim now. → Can he swim now﹖
3.陈述句中只有一个实义动词作谓语且其时态为一般现在时,变为一般疑问句时要在句首加do或does 主语后的实义动词用原形。如:
I like these animals. →Do you like these animals﹖
She wants to go to the movies. → Does she want to go to the movies﹖ 4.一般疑问句有时不用yes或 no 回答。如:
Are they in town now﹖ I think so. May I sit here﹖ Certainly. Does he like soccer﹖Sorry I don't know. 5.在一般疑问句中,如果提问人对答案没有肯定或否定的意向,句中常用非肯定词,提问人对答案有肯定意向,即希望得到肯定回答,则在该用非肯定词的地方用肯定词,通常用some代替any如:
Is there anything wrong with your car?
Would you like some drink?(希望答案有肯定意向)
6、陈述句形式的一般疑问句。它多用于非正式文体,句末用问号,用升调。 You understand?你明白了吗? He didn’t finish the work?他没有做完活吗?
7、省略形式的一般疑般问句。可省略系动词be或助动词或情态动词,句子用升调。 (Are) You cold?你冷吗? (Do you) Want some coffee?想喝点咖啡吗?
8、否定式一般疑问句有两种构成方式:”not”置于主语之前,并且一定要缩写,多用非正式文体中,带有惊异、责难、感叹或用来提出邀请或建议“难道„„不„„?”;或not放在主语之后,且不缩写,通常用于正式文体。
Don’t you think we should try again?你不觉得我们该再试一试吗? Is it not Sunday today?今天不是星期日吗
9、回答一般疑问句的多种方式。除用yes或no作答外,也可用:Certainly./Probably./Of Course./Perhaps./All right./With pleasure./I think(expect) so./Ok./By all means./That’ll be fine./Thanks.等词语或句子代替yes;用Never./Not at all./Sorry.等代替no,或用似乎与问题无关的话语来回答。
Are they open on Tuesdays? 他们是星期二开门吗? I think so.我看开门。
类似:用so代替上述情况还有I’m afraid so,I think/believe/expect/guess/imagine/suppose/hope等+so.(我想/相信/期望/猜想/料想/认为/希望如此)。上述如表示否定可以将so换成not。
二、特殊疑问句 以疑问词开头,对句中某一成分提问的句子叫特殊疑问句。常用的疑问词有:what who whose which when where how why或how many/much/long/soon/often/far/big等。 特殊疑问句有两种语序:
1.如疑问词作主语或主语的定语,即对主语或主语的定语提问,其语序是陈述句的语序:疑问词(+主语)+谓语动词+其他成分?如:
who is singing in the room﹖ whose bike is broken﹖ 2.如疑问词作句子的宾语、状语、表语或修饰这三种成份时,即对其成分提问,其语序是:疑问词+一般疑问句语序? 如:what class are you in﹖ What does she look like﹖ What time does he get up every morning﹖ How do you know﹖ 注意1).回答特殊疑问句时,不能用yes / no,即问什么答什么,尤其是简略回答。如:
Who is from Canada﹖Helen (is). Where's the restaurant﹖ Near the station. Why do you like koalas﹖Because they are cute. 2).特殊疑问句一般读降调(↓)。
3、Why+否定式一般疑问句?或Why not „?常表示请求、建议、责备。 Why didn’t you come to school on time?你为什么不按时到校? 4、特殊疑问句三种强调式:
1)在疑问词后加ever。 Who ever broke that window?到底是谁打破那窗户的? 2)在疑问词后加onearth,in the world, the hell, the devil等表惊讶、诅咒。
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What the devil is happening over there?那儿到底在发生什么事呢?
3)句中使用just,exactly等。 Just who is “I” in this atory?在这个故事中究竟谁是“我”呢? 5、特殊疑问句六种省略形式。
1)仅用疑问词。I saw a friend of yours today. 我今天见到了你的一位朋友Who?谁呢? 2)用于“疑问词+作用词(或其它成分)。I can’t understand her.我听不懂她的话。 Who can?谁能懂呢? 3)用于“疑问词+介词“My brother is going abroad. 我哥哥要出国去。Where to ?去哪儿呢? 4)用于“介词+疑问词”It all depends.一切看情况而定。 On what?看什么情况呢?
5)用于某些固定词组,如:How about „/What about„ 表示请求、邀请、异议,How come„表询问。 What about playing football?踢足球怎么样呢?
6)用于“疑问词+不定式(why后接不带to的不定式)What to do next?下一步做什么呢? 触类旁通:What else? 还有什么呢?So what? 那又怎样呢?What then? 下一步呢?What next? 下一个呢?Who by? 谁写的呢?Which way?走哪条路呢?
复杂特殊疑问句:
这种问句由一般疑问句和特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句糅合而成,用来询问对方或第三者的想法或意见。这类问句中间有did you say, do you think/suppose/imagine/guess/believe/expct(比能用否定转移的词要多)等一般疑问句。还要注意wh-从句要用陈述语序!也有人认为“do you suppose”等短语为插入语。
其基本句型:疑问词+do you think/believe等(一般疑问句语序)+陈述语序。 如:What did you say his name was?你刚才说他叫什么名字?
How far do you imagine it is from here?你想象那儿离这里有多远? Who do you think will win the fist prize?你认为谁会获得一等奖?
提示:能用此句型 的一般是表示观点、想法和意见;其它词的一般疑问句形式引导宾语从句时,疑问词不放在句首。 比较:Who do you think he will go there with?你认迷他会和谁一起去那儿? Do you know who he will go there woth?你知道他会和谁一起去那儿吗?
三、反意疑问句(即附加疑问句)
(1)构成:陈述句 + 简略问句 (陈述句用肯定,其后疑问句用否定;反之则反)
简略问句的主语与陈述句人称、数、性别方面保持一致,只能用人称代词 (there除外,如是名词做主语时尾句要换成代词),简略问句的谓语动词时态也与陈述句保持一致,如果是否定,一定要用简写。
注意:反意疑问句的回答“ 根据事实回答”对反意疑问句的回答,无论问题的提法如何,如果事实是肯定的,就用yes,事实是否定的,就要用no。要特别注意陈述句部分是否定结构,反意疑问句部分用肯定式提问时,回答yes或no与汉语正好相反。这种省略回答的yes要译成“不”,no要译成“是”。
He likes playing football, doesn’t he? 他喜欢踢足球,是吗?---Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t. 是的。/ 不是。 His sister didn’t attend the meeting, did she? 他妹妹没有参加会议,是吗? ---Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t. 不,她参加了。/ 是的,她没参加。
关于语调:前面陈述部分都用降调,其后疑问部分语调有两种情况:对前部陈述部分事实坚信时用降调,对前部事实怀疑、没把握、客气时用升调。
(2)除了掌握以上基本规律外,我们还要注意某些特殊情况:
1、当陈述部分的主语为everybody,everyone,anybody,anyone,noone,nobody等表示人的不定代词时,反意疑问部分的主语通常用they或he。
如:Everybody agreed to the plan, didn't they / he?
当不定代词one作主语指人时,疑问尾句常用one,有时也用you表示泛指(在美国还可用he)。Each做主语时是单数,则疑问尾句也用单数形式,如是强调“全体”时,尾句要用复数。
2、当陈述部分的主语为this,that,everything,nothing,something等或主语是不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、词组、从句时,反意疑问部分的主语用it。陈述句主语是these,those时,尾句用they。 如:Nothing has happened to him, did it?
3、当陈述部分含有seldom,hardly,no,never,few,little等否定词时,反意疑问部分用肯定式. 如:he could hardly walk without a stick,could he?
4、当陈述部分为there be句型时,反意疑问部分的主语用there。 如:There is a table in the room, isn't there?
5、当陈述部分的主谓结构为I wish时,反意疑问部分用may I。 如:I wish them to have a good harvest, may I? 6、相关复合句:
1)当陈述部分是一个有that引导的宾语从句的复合结构时,反意疑问部分一般根据主句的主语和谓语动词而定。 如:You told me (that)I had passed the exam, didn't you?
2)但是,当陈述部分的主句是I’m (not) sure或I think, I suppose, I believe,I expect等(能构成否定转移)结构时,反意疑问部分则往往由that从句中的主语和谓语动词决定,并且要注意否定的转移。
如:I believe (that)it is going to rain, isn't it?
注意:当主句不是第一人称代词、或动词有其他修饰语、或动词与其他动词连用的三种情况时。疑问句尾动词和主语仍与主句主语和动词保持一致。
7、相关祈使句:
当陈述部分是祈使句时,反意疑问部分一般用will you,won't you, would you。
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如:Don't be too late, will you? Close the door, won't you? Open your books, would you?
当陈述部分是以Let's开头的祈使句时,反意疑问部分用shall we;若是以Let us 开头的祈使句,反意疑问部分则用will you。
如:Let's have a party tonight, shall we? Let us have a look at you pictures, will you?
注意,如果祈使句是否定形式,那么反意疑问句只能用will you。
如: Don't forget to bring your notebooks here tomorrow, will you?
8、当陈述部分带有never, nothing, nowhere, seldom, hardly, rarely, few, little 等否定词或半否定词时,反意疑问部分的动词用肯定形式。
如:You can hardly believe what he said, can you?
当陈述部分的谓语动词是带有un-,in-,dis-等否定前缀的动词,则仍然把陈述部分看作肯定句,那么反意疑问部分用否定形式。
如:He distrusted anybody around him, didn't he 9、相关情态动词:
1)当陈述部分带有情态动词ought to时,反意疑问部分在英式英语中用ought to 形式,在美式英语中用should形式。 如:You ought to see the new picture, shouldn't you? Teachers ought to be honored, oughtn't they?
2)当陈述部分带有情态动词used to时,反意疑问部分可以用used to形式或did形式加以引导。 如:She used to live abroad, usedn't she?
There used to be a newsstand in the corner of the street, didn't there? 3)当陈述部分带有情态动词must时,反意疑问部分需视must的含义而定。 a.当must表示“命令或强制”时,反意疑问部分用mustn't。 如:You must do it by yourself, mustn't you? b.当must表示“有必要”时,反意疑问句用needn't. 如:You must see him tonight, needn't you?
c.当must表示“一定”或“想必”等推测意义时,反意疑问部分不用mustn't,而根据must后的动词形式而定。 如:He must be crazy to do so, isn't he?
She must have been there for a long time, hasn't she? They must have stayed at home last might, didn't they?
4)当陈述部分带有need、dare时,反意疑问部分需视need\\dare的含义而定。如果need\\dare用作情态动词,则反意疑问部分用need\\dare形式;如果need\\dare用作实义动词,表示“需要”/“敢”,则反意疑问部分用do形式。
如:You needn't go there, need you? She needs to go there, doesn't she?
10、当陈述部分是I'm...结构时,反意疑问部分一般用aren't I。 如:I am a student, aren't I?
11、当陈述部分的谓语动词是have时,反意疑问部分要根据have的意义及形式而定。 a.当have表示“所有”含义时,反意部分可以用have形式,也可以用do形式。
如:He has a book in his hand, hasn't he? He has a book in his hand, doesn't he? b.当陈述部分的动词是have的否定形式时,反意疑问部分是用have形式还是用do形式,取决于陈述部分的动词形式。 如:You haven't a car, have you? You don't have any money with you, do you? c.当have不表示“所有”含义而表示其他含义时,反意疑问句则必须用do的形式。
如:We had a good time in the vacation, didn't we? He has his breakfast at seven everyday, doesn't he?
12、当陈述部分带有I'd better或I'd rather时,反意疑问部分用hadn't或wouldn't。 如:You'd better finish the task before tomorrow, hadn't you? He'd rather stay with us, wouldn't he?
13、当陈述句的主语由neither„nor或both„and连接时,疑问尾句要用相应的复数形式。 如:Neither you nor I am going on holiday,are we?你我都不去度假,是吧?
14、疑问尾句其它方式:有时尾句可用eh? ,right? ,am I right? ,don’t you think? ,isn’t that so?等表示。 如:She didn’t pass the exam,eh?她没有通过考试,呃?
四、选择疑问句:
一般提出两种或两种以上的可能,问对方选择哪一种.其结构可用一般疑问句,也可用特殊疑问句.供选择的两部分用or连接,前者读升调,后者读降调。选择疑问句的答语必须是完整的句子或其省略式,不能答yes或no.。
选择择疑问句有两种结构:
一般疑问句为基础而成:一般疑问句+or+一般疑问句?,本结构中or之后的问句与之前的问句相同部分可以省略,只保留选取择对象。
Is her hair long or short?她的头发是长还是短?
以特殊疑问句为基础而构成:特殊疑问句+选项A+or+选项B?,
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How shall we go there,by bus or by train?我们该怎样去那儿呢?乘公共汽车还是乘火车?
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