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Developing Learning Strategies Based on Research Projects

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US-China Education Review A 2(201 1)162-169 Earlier title:US--China Education Review,ISSN 1 548--66 1 3 …… Developing Learning Strategies Based on Research Proj ects Olga Ampuero—Canellas,Jimena Gonzalez—Del-Rio, Jose Ignacio Rojas-Sola Begofia Jorda-Albifiana Universidad de Jadn, Universitat Polit ̄cnica de Val6ncia,Valencia,Spain Ja6n,Spain Research projects are a very important part of nay professor life sheet.Through these projects,they use their knowledge to solve real problems within professional area.Besides being an advance in research area,they Call essentially contribute to improving teaching process.This work originates from the idea that hte experienced gotten from those projects should be exhaustively exposed in the class and not mentioned as a simple anecdote.Thus,it proposes the application of two research projects for developing learning strtaegies reltaed to industrial graphic designs in graduate nad postgraduate subjects.Starting up from the phases developed in the research project,work is divided into different parts that should be carried out by each student.Each part should synchronize with a theoretical explnaation of those concepts that are necessary to solve it,and class work is combined with individual and team work.The ifnal goal is to motivate students for studying the subject nad show them the real application of those theoretical concepts that has been explained in class. Keywords:graphic design,higher education,research projects,case method,PBL(problem-based learning) Introduction Spanish University Legislation(Article 83,Act 6/200 1,December 2 1,Universities)rules that companies and other institution can have access to knowledge and results gotten by universities,and makes it possible for professors to do scientiifc,technical and artistic projects for others,such as particulars,universities and public institutions or private companies.In this way,universities contribute to economic and social development nad innovation(Technology Transfer Centre of UPV(Universitta Polit6cnica de Val ̄ncia),n.d.). Technology Transfer Centre of UPV(n.d.)mentioned the following kinds of research projects: (1)Collaborative R+D:Companies and universities elaborate a research,development and innovation project together sharing risks and benefits.This kind of projects generates a frequent and direct interaction between universiyt and company with an addition ofwork and knowledge to both institutions; (2)Custom built R+D:An expert team of the university is asked by a company to do a research and development work,which makes it possible to obtain a new result based on a research work that solves technological demands of the company and not only gives it innovative solutions,product,service and process improvement,but also an independent solution free of other commercial interests; (3)Technical support:An expert analysis based on previous knowledge in order to find solutions to those demands was requested by companies.The result of this work can be a report or the scheme of a new Olga Ampuero—Canellas,Ph.D.,Centro de Investigaci6n en Tecnologias Grfiifcas,Universitat PolitScnica de Val6ncia. Jimena Gonzalez-Del・Rio,Ph.D.,Centro de Investigaci6n en Tecnologias Grfiifcas,Universitat PolitScnica de ValSncia. Begofia Jorda-Albilfana,Ph.D.,Centro de Investigaci6n en Tecnologias Grfiifcas,Universitat Polit6cnica de ValSncia. Jose Ignacio Rojas-Sola,Ph.D.,Department of Graphic Engineering,Design and Projects,Universidad de Ja6n. DEVELoPING LEARNING STRATEGIES BASED 0N RESEARCH PR0JECTS 1 63 product.This kind of project makes technical innovation projects within the company easier and gives independent advice; (4)Licences/patents/software/know-how:Transference of economical use and exploration rights of intellectual or industrial property of those results were obtained through made・-to・・order research proj ects for a company by UPV This kind of project gives solutions that have been developed already for technical needs and sometimes it is necessary for advice in the use and production of required technology. The development of these projects is positive for companies and universities as wel1.From companies’ point of view,these projects contribute to the incorporation of technological innovation into their activities. From university’s point of view,they are opportunities to direct its investigative lines and make them profitable. In the professor’s opinion,these research proj ects are one of the most important stages within their investigative activity and constitute essential evaluation criteria of their efifciency within research area(Article 40,Act 6/200 1,December 2 1,Universities).The importance of these projects is even higher in certain fields, such as engineering. The experience and results of these projects are usually compiled in scientiifc media,such as papers in congress,articles in scientiifc journals or ny chapter awithin a book from a specialized publishing house. Nevertheless,the projects could have other utilities,besides research.From an educational point of view, they could be helpful for leading teaching—learning process towards real professional life and present concepts applied in a real situation.This could increase students’motivation and their participation rate in class. Regarding to this point,this paper pretends to move the experiences go ̄en from these projects towards classes not only as a simple anecdote,but also as a support for creating learning strategies for students.Two possible applications of project experiences in graduate and postgraduate subjects in industrial design area are presented.Aspects considered in both projects are similar:subject and research project description,educational objectives,methodology and evaluation. Learning Strategy I The Subject This strategy is developed orf a subject called“Graphic Design nd aCommunication”.The subject belongs to the third stage in“Engineering Design and Product Development”grade that began to be taught in the Higher Technical School of Design Engineering of Universitat Polit&nica de Valencia in 2009/20 1 0. The objective of these graduate studies is to train professionals scientifically and technologically ,so that they can be able to direct and manage the whole process of a product from the generation of ideas(market analysis,marketing,basic design,etc.),planning,production and launching to environmental impact study at the end of its cycle. This theme is part of a subject called“design basis”within design special field(see Table 1、.It is taught during the third stage and has six ECTS(European Credit Transfer System)credits.Its content is related to graphic design themes,such as typography,color,page setup and structure,relations between image and text, basic layout and digital graphic design. Short Description of the Research Project Research project applied in this subject was called“Comparative nalaysis of the name,graphic mark,shop and advertising of two opticians”and was developed by professors of this subject along the year of 2009.The main objective of this project was comparing two opticians’logos in order to determine if they had similra 166 DEVELoPING LEARNING STRATEGIES BASED oN RESEARCH PR0JECTS Group composition on this stage is different from the one in previous stage,because this time each group should have two students working on logo A and wo tstudents working on logo B. After wo sessitons(one in class and the other out of class),students have to present a report of maximum ive pages about diffferences and similarities they found between both logos.Professor corrects the works and returns them to students,so that they can prepare next stage. (4)Stage 4:This last stage consists in a discussion during the class where students are split in wo tgroups: one defends similarities between logos and the other defends their diferences.Professor acts as discussion’s moderator and suggests those aspects that neither have been considered nor included.One group of students does not participate in the discussion,but collaborates with the teacher in the evaluation of the others. (5)Stage 5:At the end,professor presents the real solution. Evaluatiou An educational evaluation is done in order to give a periodic feedback of students’learning evolution. All exercises are corrected by the professor weekly and are retumed to students in the next session.The professor comments most common mistakes in clssa and gives the possibility to repeat the exercises to those students who have go ̄en a mark below six. Report is also corrected and returned to students.In case the mark obtained is below seven,group has the possibility to do it again. Finally,professor and a group of students evaluated discussion.To make evaluation easier for students, they get a card with all aspects that they should consider. Learning Strategy II 1Ihe subject This strategy is developed for a subject called“Packaging’’that is included in the second course of the oficifal master in design engineering in the Higher Technical School of Design Engineering of Universitat Polit6cnica de Val/mcia,Spain. This oficifal master has two orientations:professional and investigative.Its main objectives focus on training over graduates and researchers specialized in the following subjects:design nd ainnovation,managing new products,updating marketing analysis techniques,making decisions,quick development of products and optimization of corporative communication technique for companies. The subject is included in the Specialization Block“Design and technology of graphic products’’(see Table 3).Being taught during the second stage,it has five ECTS credits,and its contents are related to graphic design ofpackages. Those students that take this subject have previously learned other subjects related to graphic design,such as‘'New concepts of raphic corporative communication”durigng the first year or“Design and typography”and “Graphic products design”during the second year.Therefore,they do know basic concepts of design,use of color nd aypogrtaphy. Short Description of the Research Project The research project“Comparative analysis of structural and graphic elements of two margarine packages”was developed in order to determine if there were enough differences to avoid confusion f0r C0nSUmerS. 168 DEVEL0PING LEARNING STRATEGIES BASED oN RESEARCH PRoJECTS Tlable4 Summary ofLearningStrategy II Stage 1 Activity Problem presentation Planning seRing Working out Session 1 st 1st Methodology Expositive class Work in group Individua1 work Timing 10 minutes 30minutes l8hours 2 Workingout Tutorials 2nd.6th Workingroup 5hours Tutorial 2hours Oral exposition 3 4 Expositive class 7th 7th Oral presentation Expositive class 20 minutcs 2 hours and 30 minutes 10 minutes Final presentation Exposition of the real solution The teacher gives students the following pads to guide their planning: (1)To establish tasks to be done; (2)To make a diference between those tasks to be done individually and those to be done in group; (3)Tasks timing; (4)To assign each group member a tsk;a (5)To ifll a planning table(elaborate by the teacher)with information about tasks,timing and deadlines. At the end of the session,each group has to expose its planning and corrections that are made either by the teacher or by the rest of the class.This way they avoid overlaps and add important issues could be forgotten. The following stages could be set as a student’s guide: (1)To determine those parts of the packaging to be analyzed; (2)To analyze A company packaging; (3)TO analyze B company packaging; (4)To ifnd out similarities and differences between both packagings; (5)To analyze several packaging in the same industry; (6)To ifnd out common graphical elements in packaging of this industry; (7)Second evaluation regarding to similarities and differences between packagings A and B; (8)Final conclusions. Stage 2:Students work out this stage following their own planning.Teacher corrects works and solves possible doubts during class. For doing this work,students may use those themes explained in class and some complementary readings suggested by the professor or available in the library,Intemet or an on—line database.The teacher gives a short orientation about them too. Besides,each group must set two dates for the work review out ofclass.These tutorials last approximately one hour and students can expose the progress of their work,the problems that they have had or the doubts that have come up.The teacher corrects it.solves those doubts and checks if they are fuliflling the planning set during the first session. In order to obtain an interrelation between all groups and to prepare the final exposition,each group has to do two short speeches(ten minutes each),in which they explain what they have done so far.The rest of the class can participate by adding new aspects,expressing their opinion or disagreeing with the information exposed.This system makes oral presentations more dynamic,helps students to work continuously and makes evaluation easier because of comments from professor and students as wel1. Stage 3:Finally,a public defend of each work may be done.Each group should explain the conclusions of DEVEL0PING LEARNING STRATEGIES BASED ON RESEARCH PROJECTS 1 69 their work and relate them to those presented by the others groups.Thus attention of all class during the presentations is fomented. Stage 4:At the end,the teacher exposes the conclusions of the real proj ect. Evaluation An educational evaluation is done.Even tutorials or observations after oral presentations are a feedback for students about their learning performance. Evaluation may be done regarding to diferent aspects or rubrics(Mager,1 984),each one has a certain value in the final evaluation.They are as follows: (1)The work process has adjusted to planning(5%); (2)The student prepares and exposes oral presentations appropritelay(5%); (3)The student prepares tutorials(1 0%); (4)The student prepares and exposes final presentation correctly(1 0%); (5)The student elaborates the work correctly(60%); (6)Teamwork(10%). Conclusions We can mention the following conclusions from the experiences explained before: Results,methodologies and experiences developed within the research projects can be moved to the class and not remain only in scientiifc communication area(congress,journals,publishing companies,etc.). Adapting research projects to a learning strategy can be useful to approach contents discussed in class towards a real application area close to professional development.This could increase students’motivation, because they could understand and keep in mind the theory concepts. Being more focused on professional development,grade subjects are easier for preparing an application, such as the one explained here. Doing this experience does not mean to add work to students,but to adapt all their work to that problem posed within the research project. Finally,none of the experiences explained in this report has been totally put into practice.Therefore,the information exposed should be completed with the results goRen from its application and with the opinion of students about required improvements. References Bloom,B.S.,Hastings,J.T.,&Madaus,G.F.(1973).Taxonomy ofeducational objectives Alcoy,Spain:Marifl. De Miguel Diaz,M.(2006).Methodologies to optimize learning.Revista Interuniversitaria de Formaci6n eld Profesorado,20(3), 7l-91. Direcci6n de investigaci6n Y desarrollo educativo,Vicerrectoria Acad6mica del Instituto Tecnol6gico Y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey. (n. d.).Problem—based learning as a teaching techn幻ue. Retrieved April 27,2010,from http://www.sistema.itesm.mx/va/dide/inf-doc/estrategias/ Mager,R.F.(1984).Preparing instructional objectives(2nd ed.).Belmont,C.A.:David S.Lake. Merseth,K.K.(1 996).Cases and case methods in teacher education.In J.Sikula(Ed.1, ndbook Of research on teacher education(PP.722-744).Broadway.Ncw York:Macmillan Library Rcference USA. Moskal,B.M.(2010).Scoring rubrics:What,when and how?PracticalAssessment,Research&Evaluation,7(3).Retrieved April 27.20 1 0.from http://PAREonline.net/getvn.asp?v=7&n=3 Technology Transfer Centre of the Universitat Polit6cnica de Va16ncia.(n.d.1.Basic issues in R+D contracts Retrieved January 22,2010,from http://www.upv.es/miw/infoweb/ctt/7127712005c.html#2 Technology Transfer Centre of the Universitat Polit6cnica de Va16ncia.(n.d.).Contributing to UP Retrieved January 22,2010, from http://www.ctt.upv.es 

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