文体学复习资料！
1. EST: The English of science and technology.
2. Pitch: Some sounds or groups of sounds in one's speech to be relatively higher or lower than others. This relative height of speech sounds as perceived by a listener is called \"pitch\".
3. Euphemism: substituting an inoffensive or pleasant word or expression for a more offensive one.
4. Point of view: the position of the author in relation to his subject. 5. Tempo: the speed of speaking.
6. Tenor of discourse: the participants, their education, social status, the role-relationship between the addresser and the addressee, the degree of intimacy, the degree of social distance. 7. RP: Received Pronunciation 8. Stress: the prominence of sounds
9. Graphology: the writing forms, and the signs used in a text
10. Associative meaning: the meanings that a word has beyond or in addition to its conceptual meaning.
11. Inverted pyramid method: the lead offers the most essential elements, telling who, what, when, where, and why (how) of the story; the second paragraph has less important information; the latter paragraphs contain still less important information.
1. What does general stylistics study?
Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which studies style in a scientific and systematic way concerning the manners/linguistic features of different varieties of language at different levels.
2. What is a text? Explain the aspects of textual analysis.
A text is any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, that forms a unified whole. A text is then a semantic unit, a unit not only of form, but also of meaning. Textual analysis includes the following aspects: text layout, reference, substitution, ellipsis, logical connectors, collocation, inter-sentence relationship.
3. What is the difference in the effect between the use of Latinate words and that of native words?
Latinate words often help to create the effect of coolness, dignity, formality and intellectual distance. Anglo-Saxon words are close to their hearts and emotionally charged and quite common informal.
4. Say something about the differences in pronunciation between standard British and American English.
RP differs from GA in many ways. For example, where the phoneme/ɔ/ is used in RP, it would be /ɑ:/in GA, as in hot /hɑ:t/. In RP, there is no /r/ sound before a consonant, while in GA, we usually find it as in farm /fɑːrm/, lark /[lɑːrk]/, etc.
Most Americans pronounce either and neither with the vowel of teeth or beneath, while in Britain an alternate pronunciation has developed since the American colonies were established and the more usual pronunciation is now with an initial diphthong [ai]. 5. What are the main stylistic features of E-English?
Lexically it is characterized by the economy of language which are reflected in the use of abbreviations, clippings, blendings, numbers, emoticons, smileys
Syntactically it tends to be simple and direct, which is reflected in its tendency of
using short sentences, simple sentences, minor sentences, elliptical sentences, active voice, present and present continuous tenses
6. Make some sentences of your own indicating the five degrees of formality. The frozen style (有点长P 大家有好的例子请提供！) The formal style: Your silence is requested. The consultative style: Would you be so good? The casual style: Quiet, please! The intimate style: Do shut up!
7. What are the basic stylistic features of conversation at the lexical level? PPT版：
The use of informal, monosyllabic, Anglo-Saxon words; Frequent use of phrasal verbs;
Use of slang and jargon words among close friends, family members or people with shared knowledge;
Use of slang words among people with shared knowledge; General and vague words are frequently used;
Pronouns, esp. first and second person pronouns, often occur in conversation. ②The use of informal, monosyllabic, Anglo-Saxon words; The use of colloquial words;
The use of slang and jargon words in casual conversation; The use of general words;
The use of pronouns, especially first and second person pronouns 8. Say something about the types of public speeches.
The informative speech, the persuasive speech, the entertaining speech, the stimulating speech
9. What are the general stylistic features of newspaper headlines？ The main features of headlines are as follows: （a）The omission of articles and the link verb （b）Frequent use of abbreviations （c）Present tense is often used
（d）short, powerful words are often employed （e）The use of pre-modification
（f）Frequent use of figures of speech
10. How many parts does an advertisement usually consist of？
A complete advertisement usually consists of the headline, the illustrations, the body copy, the slogan（or tag-line）, the trade-mark, and the standing details（supplementary items）.
11. Why the present tense and passive voice are often used in EST? 简化版：The present tense is often used to show a general truth.
The passive voice is often used because it is more concise and more objective in tone. 课本版：The present tense reason: because scientific writings often contain information
about scientific knowledge with no specific time reference. Since the simple present tense is often used to show a genera truth, or to indicate a state, or regular action or process.
The passive voice reasons: a) Scientists are more interested in the action or facts rather than the doers. b) passive sentences are usually shorter and more concise than active ones c) passive sentences sound more objective in tone.
