Unit 1 Food for thought ........................................................................................................... - 1 - Unit 2 Let''s celebrate! ........................................................................................................... - 18 - Unit 3 On the move ................................................................................................................ - 34 - Unit 4 Stage and screen ......................................................................................................... - 48 - Unit 5 On the road .................................................................................................................. - - Unit 6 Earth first ..................................................................................................................... - 76 -
Unit 1 Food for thought
1.cuisine n．烹饪(法) 2.grow up 成长，长大 3.ever since 自从，从此 4.be able to do sth.能够做某事 5.spicy adj.(食物)加有香料的，辛辣的 6.thanks to 由于，多亏 7.come to do sth.开始做某事 8.hot pot 火锅
9.dare modal verb 胆敢，敢于 10.marriage n．婚姻
11.be shocked at 对……感到震惊 12.wedding n．婚礼
13.take to doing sth.养成做某事的习惯 14.sort n．种，类 15.butcher n．肉贩
16.super adj.极好的，了不起的
17.bacon n．(通常切成薄片的)咸猪肉，熏猪肉18.sausage n．香肠
19.toast n．烤面包(片)，吐司 20.butter n．黄油，牛油
21.get sb./sth.into...使某人/某物进入…… 22.typical adj.典型的，有代表性的 23.had better (not) do sth.最好(不)做某事
24.suffer v．(身体或精神上)受苦※suffer from 遭受……之苦 25.according to 按照，根据
26.encourage sb.to do sth.鼓励某人做某事 27.deal with 应付，处理 28.come across 偶遇，偶然发现 29.stinky adj.难闻的，有臭味的 30.tofu n．豆腐 31.horrible adj.糟糕的 32.gather v．聚集
33.bite n．咬 ※take/have a bite 咬一口 34.remind sb.of...使某人想起…… 35.cheese n．干酪，奶酪 36.fall in love with 爱上，喜欢 37.someday 将来有一天，有朝一日 38.poison n．毒 素，毒 物，毒 药 39.feel at home with 对……感到舒适自在 40.cross-cultural adj.跨文化的 41.oolong n．乌龙茶 42.china n．瓷，瓷料
Words and Phrases
知识要点1 diet n．日常饮食 vi.按照医生的规定饮食
(教材P5) If you dare not try a “painful” diet to stay healthy，this new app is the perfect solution—and you needn't pay for it!
如果你为了健康而不敢尝试一种“痛苦的”饮食，这个应用程序就是完美的解决方案——而且你不必付钱！
[例1] Everyone should try to reduce the amount of salt in our diet.
大家都应该在饮食中减少盐的摄入量。
[例2] You will have to diet before you get well again. 在恢复健康之前，你必须按照医生的规定饮食。 [造句] 均衡的饮食和经常锻炼对你的健康很重要。
A balanced diet and regular exercise are both important for your health. [知识拓展] go on a diet be on a diet 开始节食 在节食 知识要点2 addict n．对……着迷的人，瘾 君 子 v．使上瘾；使沉溺于…… (教材P5) So，if you're a sugar addict and aren't able to say no to chocolate or cola，you had better download it now!
因此，如果你特别爱吃糖又没法对巧克力和可乐说不，你最好现在就把它下载下来！
[例1] Now I work in a centre for drug addicts，helping others to stop taking drugs.
现在我在一家戒 毒中心工作，帮助别人戒 毒。
[例2] He addicted himself to poems and hoped to be a poet someday. 他沉迷于诗歌，希望有朝一日成为一名诗人。 [造句] 她是个电视迷，看起电视来没完没了。 She is a TV addict and watches as much as she can. [知识拓展] (1)addicted adj. 入了迷的，上了瘾的 be/become/get addicted to... 沉迷于……；热爱……，迷上…… (2)addictive adj. addiction n. 使人上瘾的 瘾，入迷，嗜好 知识要点3 trick n．诀窍，技巧，技法；诡计，花招 v．欺 骗，诱 骗 (教材P5) The trick is to start with the ones on the outside. 诀窍是从外面的开始。
[例1] It is not just a little trick you can pick up in half an hour. 这不是你半个小时就能学会的小窍门。
[例2] Don't put your trust in that man; he may trick you. 不要相信那个人，他会骗你的。 [造句] 耐心是做好工作的诀窍。 Patience is the trick in doing a job well. [知识拓展] (1)play a trick/tricks on sb. (2)trick sb.into doing sth. trick sb.out of sth. 捉弄某人；对某人恶作剧 欺骗某人做某事 从某人处骗走某物 知识要点4 differ v．不同，不一样，有区别 (教材P5) Table manners，however，can differ in different situations. 然而，餐桌礼仪在不同的情况下有所区别。
[例1] Things in the world differ from each other in a thousand ways. 世界上的事物是千差万别的。
[例2] Leaves are found on all kinds of trees，but they differ greatly in size and shape.
各种各样的树上都有叶子，但大小和形状有很大的不同。 [造句] 这两辆车颜色不同，一辆是红色的，另一辆是蓝色的。 The two cars differ in color—one is red，and the other is blue. [知识拓展] (1)differ from...in (2)difference n. make a difference (3)different adj. differently adv. 与……在……方面不一样 不同；区别 有影响；重要，要紧 不同的；相异的 不同地 知识要点5 recommend v．推荐；建议 (教材P6) Highly recommended! 强烈推荐！
[例1] Can you recommend me some new books on this subject? 你能推荐一些有关这个学科的新书给我吗？
[例2] The doctor recommended that I should stay a few more days in hospital. 大夫建议我在医院再待几天。
[造句] 你能推荐一个不太贵的旅馆吗？
Can you recommend a hotel which is not too expensive? [知识拓展] (1)recommend sth.to sb.＝ recommend sb.sth. recommend sb.as... (2)recommend doing sth. recommend sb.to do sth. 向某人推荐某物 推荐某人当…… 建议做某事 建议某人做某事 recommend that...(should) do sth. 建议做某事(从句谓语动词用虚拟语气) [即学即练] 单句语法填空 ①We all recommended him as the leader of the basketball club. ②He recommended reading(read)the book before seeing the movie. ③I'd recommend her to book(book)her flight early.
④Eye doctors recommend that a child's first eye exam (should) be(be) at the age of six months old.
知识要点6 attack v．侵袭，侵 蚀；袭击；攻击，抨击 n．攻击；进攻；抨击；病 情 发作
(教材P7) The sugar in soft drinks forms acid and attacks our teeth for about 20 minutes each time we drink them.
每一次我们喝饮料时，里面的糖就形成酸并侵蚀我们的牙齿达20分钟。 [例1] The virus attacks the body's red blood cells. 这种病 毒 侵 害身体内的血红细胞。
[例2] The fierce mountain lion attacked a flock of sheep. 那只凶猛的山狮袭击了羊群。
[造句] 这台受到未知 病 毒攻击的电脑现在无法正常运转。 The computer attacked by some unknown virus can't work well now. [知识拓展] (1)attack sb.for sth. attack sb.with sth. (2)make an attack on/upon... 由于某事而责难某人 用某物攻击某人 对……发动进攻 under attack a heart attack 受到攻击 心脏病发作 知识要点7 belong v．属于；处在(适当位置) (教材P9) Can you guess which fridge belongs to which person? 你能猜出哪个冰箱是哪个人的吗？
[例1] The landscape belongs to the man who looks at it. 风景属于看风景的人。
[例2] I don't really feel I belong here. 我真的感觉不适合待在这个地方。
[造句] 这房子属于汤姆，可他并不在这儿住。 The house belongs to Tom but he doesn't live here. [知识拓展] belong to belongings n. 属于 动产；财物 belong to不用于进行时态和被动语态，belong to后接人称代词作宾语时，要用宾格形式，不要用物主代词。
知识要点8 end up (尤指经历一系列意外后)最终处于，到头来 (教材P9) I often end up saving part of my meal for the next day. 我常常最后省下一部分食物留着第二天吃。
[例1] Some people tried many ways to lose weight，ending up gaining weight soon again.
有些人尝试多种方法减肥，结果很快体重却又增加了。
[例2] If we neglect our future，we'll end up in failure as what happens to the man in the picture.
如果我们忽视我们的未来，就像图画中的这个人一样，我们就会以失败告终。 [造句] 这次讲座以一首中国古代诗人的诗而结束。 The lecture ended up with a poem of an ancient Chinese poet. [知识拓展] end up＋adj./v.-ing end up with 以……而告终 以……结束(后接表具体事物的名词) end up in end up as 以……结束(后接表抽象概念的名词) 最终成为…… 知识要点9 catch up 打听(不在时所发生的事情)，别后叙谈；追上，赶上；达到
(教材P9) Cooking together gives us a chance to relax and catch up on each other's days.
一起做饭给了我们一个放松的机会，让我们互相了解对方的情况。 [例1] He loves to catch up on the news after a trip abroad. 每次国外旅行以后，他都喜欢打听最新的消息。 [例2] I stopped and waited for her to catch up. 我停住脚步，等她追上来。
[造句] 他们几分钟前已出发，我们必须赶紧追上。 They started a few minutes ago，and we must hurry to catch up. [知识拓展] (1)catch up on catch up with (2)catch sb.doing sth. be caught in 打听(不在时所发生的事情) 追上，赶上，达到 撞见某人正在做某事 陷入；遭遇 知识要点10 convenient adj. 方便的，便利的 (教材P9) I know we should eat more fresh fruit and vegetables，but ready meals are so convenient.
我知道我们应该多吃新鲜的水果和蔬菜，但即食餐太方便了。 [例1] It is convenient to live downtown，but the traffic is very heavy. 家住市中心虽然购物很方便，但是交通很拥挤。
[例2] The secretary arranged a convenient time and space for the applicants to have an interview.
秘书给参加面试的求职者安排了合适的时间和地点。 [造句] 我们的房子离学校和商店很近。 Our house is very convenient for schools and stores. [知识拓展] (1)It is convenient for sb.to do sth. be convenient for sb. be convenient for/to sth. (2)convenience n. at one's convenience for convenience (3)inconvenient adj. 对于某人来说做某事是方便的 对某人来说是方便的 离……近 方便；便利 在某人方便的时候 为方便起见 不方便的；麻烦的 convenient作表语时不可用人作主语，“当你方便的时候”应译成“when it is convenient to you”或“at your convenience”，而不是“when you are convenient”。
知识要点11 resist v. 忍住，按捺；抵抗
(教材P11) The combination of spicy，salty，sweet and sour flavours makes Gong Bao Chicken hard to resist.
酸甜咸辣的组合使宫保鸡丁很难让人拒绝。 [例1] I can't resist all the delicious food. 我抗拒不了那些美食的诱惑。
[例2] This kind of jacket can resist wind and cold. 这种上衣能挡风防寒。
[造句] 巧克力使我发胖，但我就是忍不住想吃。 Chocolates make me fat but I can't resist them. [知识拓展] (1)resist doing sth. can't resist doing sth. (2)resistant adj. be resistant to (3)resistance n. 反对做某事 禁不住做某事 对……有抵抗力的，抵制的，反抗的 对……有抵抗力 反抗，抵抗，抵抗力 resist表示“忍住”时，常与表示否定意义的can't/can hardly连用，后接v.-ing形式作宾语，不接不定式。
知识要点12 adapt v. (使)适应，(使)适合；改编，改写
(教材P11) What's more，it is easy to make and can be adapted to individual tastes.
而且它容易做，也能适应不同人的口味。
[例1] The older a person is，the slower it will be for him to adapt to change. 一个人年龄越大，适应变化就越慢。
[例2] The film was adapted from a novel written by a famous writer. 这部影片是根据一位著名作家的小说改编的。 [造句] 当你去国外时，你必须使自己适应新的习俗。
When you go to a foreign country，you must adapt yourself to new customs. [知识拓展] (1)adapt oneself to adapt to adapt...from... adapt...for... (2)adaptable adj. adaptation n. 使自己适应 适应 根据……改写/改编…… 把……改编成…… 能适应的；可修改的 适应；改编；改写本 知识要点13 pick up 买，购买；拿起；捡起；掀起；接收(信号等)；(开车)接人，搭载；偶然学会；情况转好
(教材P11) So，don't forget to pick up some chicken on your way home and try this recipe out!
所以，别忘了在回家的路上买些鸡肉，试试这个食谱。 [例1] He picked up some French on a business trip to Paris. 他在巴黎出差时学会了一些法语。
[例2] My friend began to pick up after staying in hospital for several days. 我的朋友在医院待了几天后开始恢复健康。 [造句] 校车每天三次接送孩子们。
The school bus picks up the children three times every day. [知识拓展] pick oneself up pick off pick out 跌倒后站起来 摘下；去除 挑选；辨认出 Sentence Pattern
重点句式 no/not/never...without 双重否定结构
(教材P9) ...no family meal is complete without some form of meat. 没有肉的家庭聚餐是不完整的。
句式分析：no/not/never...without 意为“没有……就不/没有……”，是一种双重否定结构，表达强烈的肯定语气。
[例1] Fred and his band couldn't go out anywhere without being followed. 弗雷德和他的乐队无论走到哪里都会有人跟随。 [例2] They never meet without quarrelling. 他们每次见面必吵架。
[造句] 没有咨询医生就不要吃安 眠 药。
Don't take any sleeping pills without asking your doctor. [知识拓展] 常见的双重否定结构还有： (1)否定词no/not/never等＋表示否定意义的形容词 (2)否定词no/not/never等＋表示否定意义的动词 [翻译] ①Use your head and you will find nothing is impossible in the world(世界上一切皆有可能)．
②大家都同意。 Nobody disagrees.
Words and Phrases
知识要点1 grow up 成长，长大；发展；形成
(教材P2)Growing up in England with a British father and a Chinese mother，I've enjoyed food from both countries ever since I was able to hold a knife and fork—and chopsticks!
我在英国长大，爸爸是英国人，妈妈是中国人。自从我能拿刀叉和筷子以来，我就喜欢上了两国的食物！
[例1] Most of plants like to grow up toward the sunlight. 大多数的植物都喜欢朝着阳光向上长。
[例2] Recently I feel that my daughter is really starting to grow up. 近来，我感到女儿真的开始长大了。
[造句] 一个孩子有权生长在一个有益健康、关爱的环境里。 A child has the right to grow up in a healthful and caring environment. [知识拓展] grow up to be grow into 成长为 (指人)逐渐成长为，变为 知识要点2 dare modal verb胆敢，敢于 v．胆敢，敢于；激将 (教材P2)But there are still some dishes that Dad dare not try even after many years of marriage to my mother.
但是还有一些菜，即使在和我妈妈结婚多年后，爸爸也不敢尝。 [例1] I'm now up to my ears in debt and dare not borrow any more money. 我现在是债台高筑，再也不敢借钱了。 [例2] We must dare to think，speak up and act. 我们必须敢想、敢说、敢做。
[造句] 我们不敢对他开玩笑，怕他生气。
We dare not play jokes on him in case he becomes angry. [知识拓展] dare sb.to do sth. 激某人做某事 dare not do sth.＝don't dare (to) do sth. I dare say 不敢做某事 我敢说；我相信 知识要点3 sort n．种，类；某一种人 v．分类，整理 (教材P3)But I enjoy that sort of food myself. 但是我本人喜欢那类食物。
[例1] You'd better believe him，he's not such a bad sort after all. 你最好相信他，他毕竟不是那么坏的人。
[例2] The boy was sorting the foreign stamps he had collected. 这个孩子正在整理他收集的外国邮票。 [造句] 他经历过各种各样的艰难困苦。
He experienced all sorts of difficulties and hardships. [知识拓展] (1)of this/that sort a sort of sort of (2)sort out sort...into... 这种/那种…… 一种/某种 有点，有几分 挑选出；分好类；解决 把……分成…… 知识要点4 typical adj.典型的，有代表性的；独特的 (教材P3)He also does a typical Sunday roast. 他也会做一些典型的周日烤肉。
[例1] That outburst was a typical example of his lack of self-control. 那次爆发是他缺乏自制力的典例。
[例2] The typical baby begins to speak at about one year old. 婴儿一般一岁左右开始讲话。
[造句] 依我来看，他是个典型的英国绅士。 In my opinion，he is a typical English gentleman. [知识拓展] (1)be typical of It is typical of sb.to do sth. (2)typically adv. 是……的特点 某人一向做某事，做某事是某人的 典型特征 通常，一般，典型地 知识要点5 suffer v. (身体或精神上)受苦；遭受 (教材P3)We all love roast beef and vegetables，but Mum says we'd better not eat too much roast food as it may make us suffer from heat inside our bodies，according to traditional Chinese medicine.
我们都喜欢烤牛排和蔬菜，但是妈妈说我们最好不要吃太多的烤制食物，因为根据中医的说法，它可能会使我们上火。
[例1] A large quantity of money has been collected to help those suffering from the floods.
已经募集了大量的善款来帮助那些遭受洪灾的人们。
[例2] The graduate suffered a defeat in the job interview. 这名毕业生在求职面试时遭遇了失败。
[造句] 我们的生活越来越好，但在一些国家有些人仍在挨饿。
Our life is becoming better and better while in some countries there are still some people suffering from hunger.
[知识拓展] (1)suffer作及物动词时，指遭受一般的痛苦、损害等，其宾语一般是loss，pain，punishment，defeat，hardship，disappointment等。 (2)suffer作不及物动词时，常与from 连用。suffer from指遭受战争、自然灾害带来的苦难及患病之苦。 (3)suffering n．受苦，苦难 sufferer n．受苦者，受难者 知识要点6 bite n．咬；一点点食物；寒意 v．(bit; bitten)咬；上钩 (教材P3)．..but I gathered all my courage to take a bite and was amazed to find it wasn't so bad.
……但我还是鼓起全部勇气咬了一口，并惊讶地发现那东西吃起来还行。 [例1] Shall we have a bite to eat before the movie? 看电影前咱们吃点东西吧？
[例2] He at once realized he had been bitten by a poisonous snake. 他立刻意识到被一条毒蛇咬了。
[造句] 如果你饿了，就吃一口我的三明治。 Take a bite of my sandwich if you are hungry. [知识拓展] be bitten with bite one's head off 热衷于 严厉斥责，口气凶猛 知识要点7 remind sb.of sth.使某人想起……；提醒某人某事 (教材P3) It reminded me of blue cheese，a similarly strong smelling type of food you either love or hate.
它让我想起了蓝纹奶酪，一种你要么喜欢要么讨厌的、味道同样浓烈的食物。 [例1] Mary，I reminded John of his promise to help you.
玛丽，约翰承诺要帮助你，我提醒过他。
[例2] These pictures always remind me of the happy days which we spent together on the campus.
这些照片使我想起了我们一起在校园度过的快乐时光。 [造句] 这首乐曲使我回忆起了童年的快乐的景象。 The music reminded me of the happy scenes in my childhood. [知识拓展] remind sb.to do sth. remind sb.that... 提醒某人做某事 提醒某人…… 知识要点8 opinion n．意见，看法；评价 Tom is so independent that he never asks his parents' opinion unless he wants their support.
汤姆非常，从来不征求父母的意见，除非他想得到他们的支持。 [例1] The general opinion is that the conference was a success. 普遍认为这次会议是成功的。
[例2] Moreover，I will open more channels for you to voice your opinions and needs.
另外，我会开辟更多途径，让你们说出观点和需求。 [造句] 我们为什么要上大学？不同的人有不同的观点。 Why do we go to university? Different people have different opinions. [知识拓展] public opinion in one's opinion 依某人的观点 have a good/bad/high/low opinion of hold the opinion that... 对……看法(评价)好/差/高/低 持有……观点 Sentence Patterns
重点句式1 v．-ing形式作伴随状语
(教材P3)“No，” the butcher said，pulling at his own ears，“just these
ordinary ones.”
“没有，”肉贩揪着自己的耳朵说，“只有这些普通的耳朵。”
句式分析：v.-ing形式作伴随状语时，所表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生，且与句子的主语为逻辑上的主动关系。
[例1] Newly-built wooden cottages line the street，turning the old town into a dreamland.
新建的木屋排列在街道两旁，把这座古老的城镇变成了梦幻的世界。 [例2] He stood by the window，watching people passing by his window. 他站在窗边，看着从他窗边经过的人们。 [造句] 他们在街上走着，又唱又笑。
They walked along the street，singing and laughing. [知识拓展] v．-ing形式作状语时，还可表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步等。 [翻译] ①Walking by the lake(在湖边散步时)，I met an old friend. ②Living far from my company(住得离公司远)，I have to get up early every morning.
重点句式2 “否定词＋比较级”表示最高级含义
(教材P3) To me，there's nothing better than a crosscultural afternoon tea of English biscuits and a cup of Chinese oolong tea in a fine china cup!
对我来说，英式饼干配上一杯用精致瓷杯泡的中国乌龙茶，没有什么比这种跨文化的下午茶更好的了！
句式分析：nothing better than属于“否定词＋比较级”的结构，表示最高级含义。常用的否定词有no，not，never，nothing，nobody，hardly等。
[例1] Walking exercises may be boring at times，but on a clear sunny morning nothing could be better.
步行锻炼有时可能会很乏味，但是在一个阳光明媚的早晨进行的话，没有比这个更好的了。
[例2] Mr.Stevenson is great to work for—I really couldn't find a better boss. 为史蒂文森先生工作真好——我实在找不到比他更好的老板了。 [造句] 直到那时我才突然意识到没有人比我更幸福了。
It was not until then that I suddenly realized nobody was happier than I was. [知识拓展] can/could＋not/never＋enough/too...表示“再……也不过分”。 [翻译] I cannot thank you enough/too much(怎样感谢都不过分) for all your help to my mother.
语法精讲 情态动词
1．may/might [观察例句]
①— Might I ask for a picture of your little daughter? — Yes，you may.
②We may go to the cinema tonight，but we are not sure yet. ③May you be happy every day!
④There is nothing to do，so I may as well go to bed. [归纳用法]
(1)表示请求、许可。在疑问句中用might比may的语气更委婉。 (2)表示推测意为“可能、或许”。might比may语气弱。 (3)表示祝愿，常用结构为“May＋主语＋动词原形！” (4)may/might as well表示“不妨”。 2．shall/should/ought to [观察例句]
①Shall I buy some picture books for the children? ②Shall Tom go there with me tomorrow?
③You shall finish your homework first before you go out and play.
④One of our rules is that every student shall wear school uniform while at school. ⑤You should/ought to put more effort into your work.
⑥She promised to come by 10 o'clock.She should/ought to be here at any moment.
⑦It's not surprising that people should be suspicious of politicians' promises.
[归纳用法]
(1)shall用于第一、三人称的疑问句中，征求对方的意见。
(2)shall用于第二、三人称的陈述句，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁；此外，当颁布法律、规定时也用shall。
(3)should/ought to都表示劝告和建议，意为“应该”。此时ought to比should语气要强。
(4)should/ought to都表示预测可能性，意为“按道理应该会”。 (5)should表示惊讶、意外等情绪，意为“竟然”。 3．will/would/used to [观察例句]
①If you will read the book，I will lend it to you.
②Would you come into the bar and have a drink with me? ③Every evening he will have a walk along the river.
④I still remember my happy childhood when my mother would take me to Disneyland at weekends.
⑤He used to spend all his money on food and drink; now he lives a simple life. [归纳用法]
(1)will/would表示意愿，可用于各种人称。
(2)will/would表示“请求；建议”，此时would比will更委婉。
(3)will/would表示习惯，意为“总是，习惯于”。与used to相比，would表示过去重复、习惯性动作；而used to则强调过去与现在的对比。
4．“情态动词＋have done” [观察例句]
①Since nobody gave him any help，he must have done the research on his own. ②He can't have gone to Shanghai，for I saw him a minute ago. ③He might have said so at the meeting，but I'm not sure. ④You could have done better，but you didn't try your best.
⑤I was really anxious about you.You shouldn't have left home without a word. ⑥You needn't have told him the news; he has heard it already. [归纳用法]
※表示对过去的推测
(1)must have done表示对过去发生的事情十分肯定的推测，意为“一定做过某事。”
(2)can/could have done用于否定句和疑问句，表示对过去发生的行为的怀疑和不肯定，意为“不可能已经……”或“可能已经……了吗？”
(3)may/might have done用于肯定句和否定句，表示对过去发生某事的可能性的推测，意为“或许做过某事”或“或许没做过某事”。
※表示后悔、责备或遗憾等情绪
(4)can/could have done用在肯定句中，表示对过去没有实现的可能性的遗憾，意为“本来能做……实际上却未做”。
(5)should/ought to have done表示本该做某事而实际上未做；否定式表示本不该做但却做了。
(6)needn't have done表示做了本来不必做的事。
Unit 2 Let''s celebrate!
1.keep．．．alive 使……活着，保持 2.as．．．as sb.can 某人尽可能……地
3.regard v．认为，看作 ※regard．．．as．．．把……视作…… 4.literature n．文学
5.one's way of doing sth.＝one's way to do sth.某人做某事的方式 6.more than 超过，多于 7.envelope n．信封
8.pole n．(行星的)地极，(尤指地球的)北极或南极 9.sth.be addressed to sb.＝address sth.to sb.把(信)寄给某人 10.handwritten adj.手写的
11.illustrate v．给(书籍、文章等)加插图 12.adventure n．冒险，冒险经历 13.regular adj.频繁的，经常的 14.character n．人物，角色
15.polar adj.地极的
16.roof n．(建筑物、汽车、帐篷等的)顶，顶部
17.complain v．抱怨，不满，发牢骚 ※complain about 抱怨…… 18.stop sb.(from) doing sth.阻止某人做某事 19.wrap up 把……包裹起来 20.interestingly adv.有趣的是 21.warning n．警告，警示，告诫 22.all over the world 世界各地 23.a number of 许多，大量
24.starving adj.挨饿的，即将饿死的 ※starve v. (使)挨饿，(使)饿死 25.as well as 除……之外 26.in a．．． way 以……方式
Words and Phrases
知识要点1 request n．& v．请求，要求
(教材P17) What do the words in bold indicate：an order，a request，ability or possibility?
粗体词表明什么：命令、请求、能力还是可能性？
[例1] It is my last request.I shall never ask you anything again. 这是我最后的请求。我再也不会向你提任何要求。
[例2] Don't respond to any e-mails requesting personal information，no matter how official they look.
不要回复任何索要个人信息的邮件，无论它看上去多么正式。 [造句] 我恳求你费心重新考虑一下我的请求。 I beg you to kindly reconsider my request. [知识拓展] (1)make a request for at the request of by request (2)request sb.to do sth. 要求得到…… 应……的请求 按照请求 请求某人做某事 request that．．．(should) do sth. 请求做…… 在request后的名词性从句中谓语用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。 知识要点2 fancy adj.花哨的，别致的；豪华的 v．喜欢，想要；相信，认为；想象 n．喜爱；幻想
(教材P17) At a fancy dress party. 在一个豪华的化装晚会上。
[例1] We stayed at some fancy hotel in the center of London. 我们住在伦敦市中心的某家豪华酒店里。
[例2] I fancy I would enter your dreamland someday and pour out my heart to you.
我想象有一天能进入你的梦境，向你倾诉我的心里话。 [造句] 姑娘们已打扮好了准备参加这个豪华的化装舞会。 The girls have dressed up for the fancy-dress ball. [知识拓展] (1)fancy doing sth. fancy oneself as (2)take a fancy to take/catch sb.'s fancy 想要做某事 自认为是…… 突然爱上，突然喜欢上 中某人的意，吸引某人 知识要点3 attract v．吸引，引起……的兴趣 (教材P18)The lantern fair attracts a lot of people，so it's one of the busiest times of year for the traffic police.
灯会吸引了很多人，所以这是一年中交警最忙的时候之一。 [例1] In summer the beach attracts countless children. 夏天海滩吸引了无数的孩子。
[例2] As we drove along，the beautiful scenery now and then attracted our attention.
我们一路开着车，美丽的风景不时引起我们的注意。 [造句] 该博物馆每周都吸引大批游客。
The museum attracts a number of visitors every week. [知识拓展] (1)attract sb.to sth. attract sb.'s attention (2)attraction n. (3)attractive adj. 把某人吸引到…… 引起某人的注意 吸引(力); 具有吸引力的事物/人 有吸引力的；引起兴趣的 知识要点4 competition n．比赛，竞赛 (教材P18) We'll hold a lantern riddles competition，too. 我们还将进行猜灯谜比赛。
[例1] In man's early days，competition with other creatures must have been critical.
在人类的早期，人和其他生物的竞争想必是生死攸关的。
[例2] Living in an ever increasingly fast-paced world，we are facing greater competition.
生活在一个节奏越来越快的世界，我们面临更大的竞争。 [造句] 我们将进行比赛，看谁游泳最快。
We are going to have a competition to see who can swim the farthest. [知识拓展] (1)in competition with (2)compete v. compete in compete with/against compete for (3)competitor n. competitive adj. 与……竞争 参加比赛，竞争 参加……比赛 与……竞争 为……而竞争 竞争者；对手 竞争的 知识要点5 admit v．(不情愿地)承认；准许进入；接纳；可容纳 (教材P20) Can't they admit that the preparations for the dinner are hard work? 难道他们不承认准备晚餐很辛苦吗？
[例1] I couldn't admit to my parents that I was finding the course difficult. 我无法向父母实话实说，我觉得这门课程很难。
[例2] If you leave the club，you will not be admitted back in again. 如果你离开本俱乐部，就不会被准许再加入。
[造句] 你可能不喜欢她，但你必须承认她工作做得不错。 You may not like her，but you have to admit that she's good at her job. [知识拓展] (1)admit doing/having done sth. (2)admit sb.to/into be admitted to/into (3)admission n. 知识要点6 effort n．力气，精力 (教材P20) I really don't think it's worth the effort of spending so much time preparing for a single meal．．．
我真的认为花这么多时间仅仅准备一顿饭是不值得的…… [例1] It takes a lot of time and effort to get an exhibition ready. 准备一次考试需要大量的时间和精力。
[例2] The success or failure of the matter depends on your own effort. 事情的成败在于你自己的努力。
[造句] 你应该把更多的精力投入到工作上。 You should put more effort into your work. [知识拓展] (1)make an effort/efforts/every effort to do sth. 尽一切努力做某事 put more effort into one's work/study spare no effort to do sth. (2)with effort without effort 更加努力地工作/学习 承认做过某事 准许某人进入/加入…… 被接收(入学/入院/入党)等 承认；准许进入；入场券 不遗余力地做某事 努力地，艰难地 容易地，不费力地 知识要点7 loss n．丢失，丧失；亏损，损失 (教材P20) Eating out is a good choice and it has nothing to do with loss of traditions.
外出就餐是一个好的选择，它与传统的丧失无关。
[例1] He serves the public wholeheartedly，regardless of his personal gain or loss.
他全心全意为公众服务，从不计较个人得失。
[例2] Many parents feel a sense of loss after their children leave home. 孩子们离家后，许多父母会有失落感。 [造句] 由于这起事故公司遭受了巨大损失。
The company suffered a heavy loss as a result of the accident. [知识拓展] (1)a sense of loss at a loss (2)lose v. lose face/heart/weight (3)lost adj. be/get lost be lost in lose lost for word 失落感 困惑；不知所措 丧失；失去；迷路；输掉 丢面子/灰心/减肥 迷路的；丢失的；全神贯注的 迷路 专心于，全神贯注于 不知说什么才好 知识要点8 occasion n．场合，时刻 (教材P20) The occasion is more enjoyable without all that tiring cooking，and the dishes taste better!
没有了做饭的烦恼，这种场合更让人舒心，而且饭菜味道更好！ [例1] I was beginning to feel the spirit of the occasion. 我开始感受到现场的气氛。
[例2] You shouldn't have lost control of your temper on such an occasion. 你不应该在这种场合发脾气。
[造句] 在这种场合你说这样的话是不合适的。 What you said on the occasion was not suitable. [知识拓展] (1)on occasion on one occasion on the occasion of (2)occasional adj. occasionally adv. 有时 有一次 在……的时候；在……之际 偶尔的，不时的，特殊场合的 有时，偶尔 知识要点9 process n．(为达到某目标的)过程，进程 v．加工，处理 (教材P21) To me，the process is even more important than the dinner itself. 对我来说，这个过程甚至比年夜饭本身更重要。
[例1] Learning is a process in which we adapt ourselves to our surroundings. 学习就是我们让自己适应周围环境的一个过程。 [例2] Most of the food we buy is processed in some way. 我们购买的大部分食物都被不同程度地加工过。 [造句] 教他阅读是一个缓慢的过程。 Teaching him to read is a slow process. [知识拓展] (1)in process in the process (of) (2)process．．．into．．． (3)processed adj. 正在进行 在(……的)过程中 把……加工成…… 加工过的，处理过的 知识要点10 exist v．存在，实际上有 (教材P22) A fact is something that exists or has happened．．． 事实是指存在或已经发生的事情……
[例1] The custom of arranged marriage still exists in many countries. 许多国家仍然存在着包办婚姻的习俗。
[例2] There exists many factors influencing the children's future success. 有很多影响孩子未来成功的因素。 [造句] 他们很穷，几乎不能生存。 They are so poor that they can hardly exist. [知识拓展] (1)exist in exist on There exist(s)．．． (2)existence n. come into existence/being be in existence (3)existing adj. 在于 靠……生存；靠……生活 有…… 存在；生存 开始存在(表示动作) 存在(表示状态) 现存的，现行的
Sentence Patterns
重点句式1 not everyone构成部分否定
(教材P20) Nowadays，some people choose to have the dinner in a restaurant，but not everyone is keen on this idea.
当前一些人选择在餐馆吃(年夜)饭，但并不是每个人都喜欢这个想法。 句式分析：not everyone构成部分否定，有时也可用“everyone．．．not”表示。英语中的all，both，every，everybody，everything，always，whole，entirely等具有总括意义的代词、形容词、和副词与否定词not连用，无论not位置如何，均构成部分否定，表示“并非都”的意思。
[例1] Not everybody/everyone has the goodness to forgive. 并非每个人都有原谅别人的美德。
[例2] All are not friends that speak well of us. 说我们好话的并非都是朋友。 [造句] 不是他写的每一本书都有趣。 Not every book he wrote is interesting. [知识拓展] 英语中的no，none，never，nobody，nothing，neither，no one，nowhere等表示否定意义的词与肯定式谓语一起使用构成“全部否定”。 [翻译] ①Neither of his sisters(他两个姐姐都不) agrees to his suggestion. ②As a matter of fact，none of us(我们没有人) can live alone in society. 重点句式2 not only．．．but also．．．不仅……而且……
(教材P21) It was not only for the delicious food that we seldom got to eat，but for the opportunity to have our whole family gathered together.
这不仅是因为我们很少吃到的美食，而且因为有机会让我们全家人聚在一起。 句式分析：(1)not only．．．but also．．．用于连接并列成分，其中also可省略。 (2)not only．．．but also．．．连接并列主语时，其谓语动词的数通常与邻近的成分保持一致，即“就近原则”。
(3)not only．．．but also．．．连接两个分句时，若not only位于句首，则其所在的句子要用部分倒装，但but also所在的句子不倒装。
[例1] Not only the students but also their teacher likes playing football. 不仅同学们而且他们的老师都喜欢踢足球。
[例2] Not only did he point out my shortcomings，but he also helped me to overcome them.
他不仅指出我的缺点，而且还帮助我改正它们。
[造句] 他们不但经验丰富、知识渊博，而且耐心、善解人意。
They are not only experienced and knowledgeable，but also patient and understanding.
Words and Phrases
知识要点1 honour v．向……表示敬意，履行(职责/协议等) n．荣誉，荣幸 (教材P13) ．．．is to honour an event. ……是为了纪念一个事件。
[例1] I was honoured to have been mentioned in his speech. 他在讲话中提到了我，我很荣幸。
[例2] May I have the honour of dancing with you? 能和你跳支舞吗？
[造句] 能跟你们一起在这里庆祝中秋节我感到非常荣幸。
I feel honoured to be here to celebrate the MidAutumn Festival with you. [知识拓展] (1) be honoured for．．． be honoured as．．． be/feel honoured to do sth. 因……而受到尊敬 被尊为…… 因做某事而感到荣幸 (2) in honour of/in one's honour 为向……表示敬意；为了纪念…… have the honour of(doing) sth. It is an honour to do sth. 有幸做某事 很荣幸做某事 知识要点2 participate v．参加，参与 (教材P13) Freedom Day is held every year on 27 April to celebrate South Africa's first fully-participated elections in 1994．．．
自由节在每年4月27日举办，庆祝南非1994年第一次全面参加选举……
[例1] More than 400 children participated in the clean-up of the park. 400多个孩子参加了公园的清扫活动。
[例2] Terry can't participate in the match because he has hurt his foot. 特里不能参加比赛，因为他扭了脚。 [造句] 他问我是否会参加会议。
He asks whether I can participate in the meeting. [知识拓展] participate in ＝ take part in participant n. participation n. 参加，参与 参加者，参与者 参加，参与 知识要点3 vote v．投票，表决 n．票数；选举权 (教材P13) ．．．in which everyone was allowed to vote regardless of skin colour. 在选举中，所有人都可以不分肤色地投票。
[例1] Today every citizen aged eighteen or over has the right to vote. 如今，年满十八周岁或十八周岁以上的公民都有选举权。
[例2] The suggestion was approved，with 25 votes in favor，and 7 against. 建议以25票同意，7票反对被通过。
[造句] 既然在这件事上大家意见不一，我们表决好了。 As we can't all agree on this matter，let's vote on it. [知识拓展] (1)vote for ＝ vote in favor of 投票赞成 vote against vote on sth. vote to do sth. (2)have/take a vote on sth. have the vote 投票反对 就某事进行表决 投票决定做某事 就某事进行表决 有选举权 知识要点4 keep．．．alive 使……活着；使……活跃；保留 (教材P14) As parents，they try to keep that magic alive for their children for as long as they can.
作为父母，他们设法尽可能长时间地为孩子们保留着这种魔力。
[例1] The doctors tried everything to keep him alive but in vain. 医生们竭尽全力抢救他的生命，但却徒劳无功。 [例2] The news of the victory kept us alive in excitement. 胜利的消息使我们兴奋不已。
[造句] 他们35年的婚姻生活一直保持着浪漫色彩。 They kept the romance alive in their marriage for 35 years. [知识拓展] (1)bring．．．alive come alive (2)alive adj. (3)living adj. (4)live adj. 使……变得有生气 生动起来，精神起来，热闹起来 活着的，充满活力的。是表语形容 词，不可以作前置定语。 活的，有生命的，健在的。可修饰 人或物，作表语或前置定语。 活的。作前置定语，只修饰物不指 人。另外，还表示“现场直播的”。 知识要点5 regard v．认为，看作 n．尊敬；(pl.)问候，敬意 (教材P14) That is why Letters from Father Christmas could be the perfect book for those who regard Christmas as a special time of year.
那就是为什么《圣诞老人的来信》对于那些把圣诞节视为一年中的特殊时刻的人来说可能是一本完美的书。
[例1] He is regarded as one of the great classical composers in this century. 他被认为是本世纪伟大的古典音乐作曲家之一。
[例2] I am sure that kindness is more likely to win their regard than pride. 我确信善意比傲慢更可能赢得他们的尊敬。
[造句] 我在这个城镇居住了很长时间，都把它当成了家。 I've lived in the town so long that I regard it as my home. [知识拓展] (1)regard．．．as．．． (2)regarding prep. 把……视作…… 关于 知识要点6 complain v．抱怨，不满，发牢骚；投诉 (教材P15) In another letter，Father Christmas complained about how he could not stop his helpers playing games with the boys instead of wrapping them up.
在另一封信中，圣诞老人抱怨说，他怎么都无法阻止他的助手们用玩具做游戏而不是把它们包起来。
[例1] It's no use complaining without taking any action. 不采取行动而只是抱怨是没有用的。
[例2] I'm going to complain to the manager about this. 我将就此事向经理提意见。
[造句] 所有游客都抱怨那家餐馆劣质的服务。
All the tourists complained about the bad service in that restaurant. [知识拓展] (1)complain (to sb.) of/about (doing) sth. (向某人)投诉/抱怨(做)某事；(向某 complain (to sb.) that．．． (2)complaint n. make a complaint 人)发牢骚 (向某人)抱怨…… 抱怨；投诉；控告 抱怨，投诉 知识要点7 warning n．警告，警示，告诫 (教材P15) Interestingly，the letters did not contain the usual warnings to children that they might not receive their presents if they were not good.
有趣的是，这些信并没有包含通常对孩子们的警告：如果他们表现不好，就可能收不到礼物。
[例1] There is a warning on the cigarette packet that says “Smoking does harm to your health”．
在烟盒上有一个警示“吸烟有害健康”。
[例2] We've just heard a warning on the radio that a hurricane is likely to come. 我们从电台听到警报说飓风可能要来。 [造句] 我正要生火时就想起了他的警告。
I was about to make a fire when I remembered his warning. [知识拓展] (1)give sb.a warning 向(某人)发出警告 without (any) warning (2)warn v. 没有(任何)先兆 警告；告诫 警告某人不要做某事 warn sb.not to do sth.＝warn sb.against doing sth. 知识要点8 starving adj.挨饿的，即将饿死的 (教材P15) ．．．remember that this Christmas all over the world there are a terrible number of poor and starving people.
请记住，在这个圣诞节时世界上还有许多穷人和挨饿的人。
[例1] There is a piece of heartbreaking news report about starving children. 有一则关于饥饿儿童的令人心碎的新闻报道。
[例2] How can you be indifferent to the sufferings of starving people? 你怎能对饥民的疾苦无动于衷呢？ [造句] 我们弄点吃的东西吧，我饿坏了。 Let's get something to eat，I'm starving. [知识拓展] (1)be starving for (2)starve v. starve for starve to death (3)starvation n. 渴望 (使)挨饿，(使)饿死 渴望 饿死 挨饿，饿死 Sentence Patterns
重点句式1 That/This/It is why．．．那/这就是为什么……
(教材P14) That is why Letters from Father Christmas could be the perfect book for those who regard Christmas as a special time of year.
那就是为什么《圣诞老人的来信》对于那些把圣诞节视为一年中的特殊时刻的人来说可能是一本完美的书。
句式分析：That is why．．．那就是为什么……，why引导表语从句。其中that还可以换为this/it。
[例1] Tom overslept this morning.That is why he was late for work. 汤姆今天早晨睡过头了，那就是他上班迟到的原因。
[例2] This is why we always have a fresh supply of water. 这就是为什么我们总可以喝到新鲜水的原因。 [造句] 那就是我们决定取消讨论的原因。 That is why we decided to cancel the discussion. [知识拓展] (1)That/This/It is because．．．意为“那/这是因为……”，其中because 引导表语从句。 (2)The reason why．．．is that．．．意为“……的原因是……”，其中why引导的是定语从句；is之后的that引导的是表语从句。 [翻译] ①We should eat breakfast on time every day；that's because breakfast is really important for us(那是因为早餐对我们来说真的非常重要)．
②The reason why he was sleepy in class was that(他在课上睡觉的原因是) he stayed up last night.
重点句式2 “do/does/did＋动词原形”表示强调
(教材P15) The letters did，however，change as Tolkien's children got older．．． 然而，随着托尔金的孩子们年龄的增长，这些信的内容确实变了…… 句式分析：(1)did change为“did＋动词原形”表示强调，意为“的确，确实”。 (2)“do/does/did＋动词原形”表示强调时只用于肯定句和祈使句，用来强调谓语。
(3)这种强调句只适用于一般现在时和一般过去时。 [例1] He does enjoy listening to classical music. 他的确喜欢听古典音乐。
[例2] Do be careful while you are driving on the road. 你在公路上开车时务必要小心。
[造句] 他昨天确实去过车站，但没有发现你。 He did go to the station yesterday，but he didn't find you.
语法精讲 情态动词
1．may/might [观察例句]
①— Might I ask for a picture of your little daughter? — Yes，you may.
②We may go to the cinema tonight，but we are not sure yet. ③May you be happy every day!
④There is nothing to do，so I may as well go to bed. [归纳用法]
(1)表示请求、许可。在疑问句中用might比may的语气更委婉。 (2)表示推测意为“可能、或许”。might比may语气弱。 (3)表示祝愿，常用结构为“May＋主语＋动词原形！” (4)may/might as well表示“不妨”。 2．shall/should/ought to [观察例句]
①Shall I buy some picture books for the children? ②Shall Tom go there with me tomorrow?
③You shall finish your homework first before you go out and play.
④One of our rules is that every student shall wear school uniform while at school. ⑤You should/ought to put more effort into your work.
⑥She promised to come by 10 o'clock.She should/ought to be here at any moment.
⑦It's not surprising that people should be suspicious of politicians' promises. [归纳用法]
(1)shall用于第一、三人称的疑问句中，征求对方的意见。
(2)shall用于第二、三人称的陈述句，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁；此外，当颁布法律、规定时也用shall。
(3)should/ought to都表示劝告和建议，意为“应该”。此时ought to比should语气要强。
(4)should/ought to都表示预测可能性，意为“按道理应该会”。 (5)should表示惊讶、意外等情绪，意为“竟然”。 3．will/would/used to [观察例句]
①If you will read the book，I will lend it to you.
②Would you come into the bar and have a drink with me? ③Every evening he will have a walk along the river.
④I still remember my happy childhood when my mother would take me to Disneyland at weekends.
⑤He used to spend all his money on food and drink; now he lives a simple life. [归纳用法]
(1)will/would表示意愿，可用于各种人称。
(2)will/would表示“请求；建议”，此时would比will更委婉。
(3)will/would表示习惯，意为“总是，习惯于”。与used to相比，would表示过去重复、习惯性动作；而used to则强调过去与现在的对比。
4．“情态动词＋have done” [观察例句]
①Since nobody gave him any help，he must have done the research on his own. ②He can't have gone to Shanghai，for I saw him a minute ago. ③He might have said so at the meeting，but I'm not sure. ④You could have done better，but you didn't try your best.
⑤I was really anxious about you.You shouldn't have left home without a word. ⑥You needn't have told him the news; he has heard it already. [归纳用法]
※表示对过去的推测
(1)must have done表示对过去发生的事情十分肯定的推测，意为“一定做过某事。”
(2)can/could have done用于否定句和疑问句，表示对过去发生的行为的怀疑和不肯定，意为“不可能已经……”或“可能已经……了吗？”
(3)may/might have done用于肯定句和否定句，表示对过去发生某事的可能性的推测，意为“或许做过某事”或“或许没做过某事”。
※表示后悔、责备或遗憾等情绪
(4)can/could have done用在肯定句中，表示对过去没有实现的可能性的遗憾，意为“本来能做……实际上却未做”。
(5)should/ought to have done表示本该做某事而实际上未做；否定式表示本不该做但却做了。
(6)needn't have done表示做了本来不必做的事。
Unit 3 On the move
1.go back追溯 ※go back to 追溯到 2.be known as被称为……；作为……而出名 3.goal n．球门 4.basis n．基础；根据
5.popularity n．流行，普及，受欢迎 ※popular adj.受大众喜爱的，受欢迎的 6.equipment n．装备，设备，用具
7.see sb.doing sth.看到某人正在做某事 ※see sb.do sth.看到某人做了某事 8.to one's heart's content尽情地，心满意足地 ※content n．满意，满足 9.plastic adj.塑料制的 10.factor n．因素，要素 11.creativity n．创造性，创造力 12.defend v．(在比赛中)防守，防卫 13.amazing adj.惊人的，了不起的 14.end with 以……结束
15.twist n．(形势或事态的)意外转折
16.what's more 另外，更重要的是 ※what's worse 更糟糕的是 17.break down 消除；分解；出故障 18.take．．．for example 以……为例 19.break out 爆发，突然发生 20.soldier n．士兵，军人 21.put down 放下
22.conflict n．武装冲突，战斗，战争 23.a matter of 关乎……的事情
24.death n．死，死亡
25.assure v．向……保证，使确信 26.be shaped like．．．形状像……
Words and Phrases
知识要点1 balance n．平衡 v．(使)平衡；权衡
(教材P30) Using only a rope，you can develop your footwork and balance. 仅用一根绳子，你就可以改善你的步法和平衡。
[例1] You were working too hard.You'd better keep a balance between work and relaxation.
你工作太努力了，你最好使工作和休闲保持均衡。
[例2] You had better balance your diet by eating more fruit and less meat. 你最好通过多吃水果少吃肉来均衡饮食。
[造句] 这个女孩失去了平衡，从自行车上掉了下来。 The girl lost her balance and fell off the bike. [知识拓展] (1)the balance of nature keep/lose/break the balance on balance (2)balance．．．against．．． (3)balanced adj. a balanced diet 自然平衡 保持/失去/打破平衡 总的来说 把……与……进行权衡 平衡的 均衡饮食 知识要点2 involve v．包含，需要；涉及；使参与 (教材P31) It involves doing very slow physical exercises to relax your mind and calm your body.
它包含做非常缓慢的身体锻炼来放松你的思想和平静你的身体。
[例1] Michelle found a job as a high school teacher which involves spending quite a lot of time with students.
米歇尔找到了一份中学老师的工作，这份工作需要花费相当多的时间和学生在一起。
[例2] Try to involve as many children as possible in the game. 让尽可能多的孩子参与到游戏中来。
[造句] 经营你自己的生意通常需要工作很长的时间。 Running your own business usually involves working long hours. [知识拓展] (1)involve doing sth. involve sb.in (doing) sth. (2)involved adj. get/be involved in 包含做某事 使某人参与(做)某事 复杂的；有关联 参与；被卷入 involved adj.作前置定语时，意为“复杂的”；作后置定语时，意为“涉及的”。例如：an involved sentence“一个复杂的句子”；the people involved“所涉及的人”。
知识要点3 response n．回答，答复
(教材P31) During the interview，listen carefully to each question and try to understand the main ideas within the interviewee's responses.
在面试期间，仔细听取每个问题，尽量理解面试者的答复的主旨。 [例1] More and more，silence was the response he had come to use. 他越来越多地用沉默作答。
[例2] He said that he was delighted with the public response. 他说公众的反应让他欣喜。 [造句] 我敲了敲门，但没有回应。
I knocked on the door but there was no response. [知识拓展] (1)in response to make a response to (2)respond v. respond to 作为……的回应 对……做出回应 回答；回应 答复，对……作出回应 知识要点4 power n．力量；权力；能力；动力 v．供给动力 (教材P33) Then I discovered an app called Running Power. 然后我发现了一个名叫“奔跑力量”的应用程序。
[例1] The aim is to give people more power over their own lives. 目的是让人们更能主宰自己的生命。
[例2] The power station gives light and power to the whole city. 这座电站供给全市照明和动力用电。
[造句] 我不能帮你做那件事，因为这超出了我的能力。 I can't help you with that，because it is beyond my power. [知识拓展] (1)come to/into power in power beyond one's power within/in one's power (2)powerful adj. 掌权，上台，执政 当权 某人力所不能及 有能力；力所能及 有力的；(药等)有功效的 知识要点5 in turn 反过来，转而；依次，轮流 (教材P33) It can be quite stressful at times，though，which in turn makes me feel anxious.
然而，有时压力很大，这反过来又让我感到焦虑。 [例1] Theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice. 理论的基础是实践，反过来理论又为实践服务。
[例2] Each of you in turn must tell the funniest joke he or she can think of. 你们每个人依次讲一个你们能想到的最好笑的笑话。 [造句] 他们依次回答了老师的问题。 They answered the teacher's questions in turn. [知识拓展] by turns take turns in doing/to do sth. It's one's turn to do sth. 轮流地 轮流做某事 轮到某人做某事。 in return与in turn形式相近，但前者意为“作为交换，作为回报”。 知识要点6 die out 消失，绝迹，灭绝
(教材P33) This is a programme run by The Gorilla Organization to raise money to save the world's last remaining gorillas from dying out.
这是大猩猩慈善协会发起的一个项目，旨在筹集资金拯救世界上仅存的大猩猩免于灭绝。
[例1] Perhaps too much fighting caused the dinosaurs to die out. 或许太多的争斗使得恐龙灭绝了。
[例2] Many rare animals are dying out.We must find ways to protect our environment.
许多稀有动物即将灭绝。我们必须找出方法来保护我们的环境。 [造句] 那种风格的音乐十年前就已经消失了。 That style of music died out ten years ago. [知识拓展] (1)die away die down die off die of/from．．． (2)be dying for be dying to do sth. (声音或感情等)慢慢变弱/渐渐消失 (风或噪音等)渐弱；逐渐平息 先后死去；一一死去 死于…… 很想要；渴望 极想做某事 知识要点7 inspire v．鼓舞，激励，激起 (教材P34) End by saying why he/she inspires you. 最后说说他/她为什么会激励你。
[例1] The first success inspired us greatly later in the competition. 初战的成功对我们后面的比赛鼓舞很大。
[例2] His first novel was inspired by the memory of his mother. 他的第一本小说的灵感来自对他妈妈的记忆。 [造句] 我们的成功激励了我们并增强了我们的信心。 Our successes have inspired us and strengthened our confidence. [知识拓展] (1)inspire sb.to do sth. 激励某人做某事 inspire sb.with sth./inspire sth.in sb. 激起某人的某种情感 (2)inspiring adj. inspiration n. 鼓舞人心的，启发灵感的 鼓舞；启示；灵感 知识要点8 persuade v．说服，劝服
(教材P35) He then persuaded me to try ice hockey. 然后他说服我尝试打冰球。
[例1] You can save your breath：you'll never persuade her. 别白费唇舌了，你说服不了她。
[例2] We have no idea how to persuade him to give up this idea. 我们不知道如何说服他放弃这个念头。
[造句] 无论我们如何努力去说服他，他都不听。
No matter how hard we tried to persuade him，he wouldn't listen. [知识拓展] persuade sb.to do sth.＝ persuade sb.into doing sth. 说服某人做某事 persuade sb.not to do sth.＝ persuade sb.out of doing sth. 说服某人不做某事 persuade sb.of sth. persuade sb.that．．． 使某人相信某事 使某人相信…… persuade sb.to do sth./persuade sb.into doing sth.表示“说服某人做某事”，强调结果；advise sb.to do sth./try to persuade sb.to do sth.表示“劝说/试图说服某人做某事”，强调动作，但未必成功。
Sentence Patterns
重点句式1 whether．．．or引导让步状语从句
(教材P29) Whether you're a professional athlete or keen sportsperson，DX Sports Watch is the ideal choice for you.
不管你是职业运动员还是热衷于运动的人，DX运动手表是你理想的选择。 句式分析：whether．．．or．．．引导让步状语从句，意为“不管……还是……”。此句式还可用于whether．．．or not．．．或whether or not．．．。
[例1] Whether he eats or sleeps，he takes his mobile phone. 他无论吃饭还是睡觉，都拿着手机。
[例2] Whether you go or not，I will go to visit my teacher. 不管你去还是不去，我都要去看望我的老师。 [造句] 无论你是否相信，这都是真的。
Whether you believe it or not，it's true. [知识拓展] whether．．．or．．．还可引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句，意为“是……还是……”。 [翻译] ①It remains to be seen whether or not the operation is successful(手术是否成功)．
②Another important difference is whether it is a state school or a private one(是公办学校还是私立学校)．
重点句式2 before引导时间状语从句
(教材P32) But before I knew it，I was taking part in local races. 但不知不觉地，我就参加了当地的一些比赛。
句式分析：before作连词引导时间状语从句时，在句中的译法很灵活。通常有以下含义：在……之前就……；在……之后才……；还未来得及……就……。
[例1] He had hung up before I could tell him where to wait for him. 我还没来得及告诉他在哪里等他，他就挂断了电话。 [例2] We must clear up the classroom before we go home. 我们必须把教室打扫好了之后再回家。
[造句] 时间过得很快，不知不觉已经过了三个月。
Time passed quickly and three months have passed by before I knew it. [知识拓展] before引导时间状语从句的常用句式： (1)It be＋时间段＋before．．．多长时间后就/才…… (2)It be＋时间点＋before．．．不久就…… [翻译] ①If you miss this chance，it may be years before(可能需要很多年才) you get another one.
②It will not be long before(不久之后) we get used to the new school life.
Words and Phrases
知识要点1 represent v．代表，表示，描述，描绘；意味着
(教材P26) Talk about what you think these things represent in a football game.
谈谈你认为这些东西在足球比赛中代表什么。
[例1] The annual-rings represent the amount of wood formed each year. 年轮代表着每年生成的木材量。
[例2] The figures represent a general decline in employment. 这些数字意味着就业人数总体在下降。 [造句] 地图上的红线表示铁路。 The red lines on the map represent railways. [知识拓展] (1)represent．．．with．．． represent．．．as．．． represent oneself as (2)representation n. representative n. adj. be representative of 用……代表…… 把……描述成…… 自称是…… 代表；描述 代表 典型的，有代表性的 代表……的 知识要点2 basis n．基础；根据 (教材P26) That football is such a simple game to play is perhaps the basis of its popularity.
足球是一项如此简单的运动，这也许是它受欢迎的基础。 [例1] The basis of her opinion is something she read in the magazine. 她的意见的依据是从杂志里看来的。
[例2] The article will form the basis for our discussion. 这篇文章将形成我们讨论的基础。
[造句] 我的理论是以可靠的事实作为根据的。 My theory is established on the solid basis of facts. [知识拓展] (1)on the basis of on a regular basis (2)base v. be based on 在……的基础上，根据…… 定期 以……为依据 以……为基础 知识要点3 equipment n．装备，设备，用具
(教材P26)You don't need expensive equipment; even the ball doesn't have to cost much money.
你不需要昂贵的设备，甚至球也不需要花很多钱。
[例1] The government has an interest in bringing in new equipment. 对引进新设备非常感兴趣。
[例2] With the modern equipment，our work was finished ahead of time. 有了现代设备，我们的工作提前完成了。 [造句] 实验室起火后，大量设备被损坏了。
After a fire broke out in the lab，a lot of equipment was damaged. [知识拓展] (1)a piece/set of equipment (2)equip vt. equip．．．with．．． be equipped with 一件/套设备 装备 用……装备…… 装备着…… 知识要点4 content n．满意，满足；内容 v．使满意，使满足 adj.满意的，满足的
(教材P26) All over the world you can see kids playing to their hearts' content with a ball made of plastic bags; just like Pelé did when he was a boy.
在世界各地，你都可以看到孩子们尽情地玩着一个由塑料袋做成的球，就像贝利小时候那样。
[例1] This is a good book as far as its content is concerned. 就内容来说，这是一本好书。
[例2] We should never content ourselves with book knowledge only. 我们永远不要仅仅满足于书本知识。 [造句] 我们可以在河里尽情地游泳。 We can swim in the river to our hearts' content. [知识拓展] (1)to one's heart's content (2)content oneself with 尽情地，心满意足地 使自己满足于 (3)be content with sth. be content to do sth. (4)contents 满足于某事 满足于做某事 所含之物；(书的)目录 知识要点5 defend v．(在比赛中)防守，防卫；保护，保卫；辩护 (教材P26) You do not have to be a fan to recognise the skill of professional players—how they use their bodies to pass，score and defend can be amazing to see．．．
你不必是一个球迷就能认识到职业球员的技术——看到他们如何利用身体传球、得分和防守是令人惊异的……
[例1] The best way to defend is to attack. 最好的防御就是进攻。
[例2] We will defend our motherland to the last drop of our blood. 我们愿为保卫祖国流尽最后一滴血。
[造句] 无论付出什么样的代价，我们都要捍卫我们的城市。 We shall defend our city，whatever the cost may be. [知识拓展] (1)defend．．．from/against．．． (2)defence n. in defence of 保护……免受……；保卫……抵御…… 防御；保卫；防御物 保卫……；为……辩护 知识要点6 put down 放下；记下； (教材P27) World War Ⅰhad broken out months before，but British and German soldiers put down their guns and played football together．．．
第一次世界大战在几个月前就爆发了，但是英国和德国的士兵放下他们的，一起踢足球……
[例1] Let me put down your telephone number in case I forget it. 让我记下你的电话号码以免忘记。
[例2] They tried to put down the rebellion by force. 他们试图用暴力叛乱。
[造句] 把那把刀子放下，以免伤人！ Put down that knife before you hurt somebody!
[知识拓展] put away put out put off put up put up with 把……收起来，储存 熄灭；扑灭；出版；生产 推迟；延期 举起，张贴；提供(价格)；留宿某人 忍受 知识要点7 conflict n．武装冲突，战斗，战争，冲突，矛盾 v．矛盾，冲突，抵触
(教材P27) ．．．one moment of peace to remember during years of conflict. ……这是多年冲突中值得纪念的和平时刻。 [例1] Armed conflict may break out at any moment. 武装冲突有一触即发之势。
[例2] The two stories conflicted，so I did not know what to believe. 两个故事相冲突，我不知道相信哪一个。 [造句] 两国间的冲突终于导致了一场战争。
The conflict between the two countries finally caused a war. [知识拓展] (1)armed/military conflict come into conflict with in conflict with (2)conflict with 武装/军事冲突 与……发生冲突 与……相冲突 与……发生冲突 知识要点8 a matter of 关乎……的事情 (教材P27) Some people believe football is a matter of life and death，．．． 有些人认为足球是关系重大的事情，…… [例1] I take this seriously.It's a matter of principle. 我对此很认真。这是原则问题。
[例2] It's a matter of luck whether we are successful. 我们是否成功是碰运气的事。
[造句] 这是生死攸关的大事，不可掉以轻心。
It's a matter of life and death，and we can't treat it lightly. [知识拓展] a matter of opinion as a matter of fact as a matter of interest to make matters worse 看法(不同的)问题 事实上 出于兴趣 使情况更糟的是 Sentence Patterns
重点句式1 given that引导条件状语从句
(教材P26) Given that Neil Armstrong wanted to take a football to the Moon，we could even say that it is also the most popular sport out of this world!
考虑到尼尔·阿姆斯特朗想把足球带到月球上，我们甚至可以说它也是地球之外最受欢迎的运动！
句式分析：given that意为“考虑到，鉴于，如果，倘若，只要”，用作连词引导条件状语从句。
[例1] Given that you had very little help，I think you did very well under the circumstances.
考虑到你帮手不多，我想在这种情况下，你已经干得不错了。 [例2] Given that there is no traffic delay，I will be there on time. 只要没有交通阻塞，我会按时到那儿。
[造句] 如果他能再一次得到机会的话，他肯定会成功的。 Given that he can get another chance，he will surely succeed. [知识拓展] 与given that用法类似的还有： provided (that)．．．＝ providing (that)．．． suppose/supposing (that)．．． 倘若；在……情况/条件下 倘若；在……情况/条件下 [翻译] You can use the room providing/provided/supposing that you keep it clean and tidy(只要你保持干净整洁)．
重点句式2 it作形式主语，不定式短语作真正的主语
(教材P28) It is amazing to see how professional players use their bodies to pass，score and defend.
看职业球员如何利用身体传球、得分和防守是令人惊异的。
句式分析：It is amazing to see．．．是句式“It is＋adj.＋to do sth.”意为“做某事是……的”，其中it作形式主语，不定式短语作真正的主语。
[例1] It is interesting to look at differences between schools in different countries.
了解不同国家的学校之间的差异是很有趣的。 [例2] It is not easy to make him change his mind. 让他改变主意不容易。
[造句] 在这么短的时间内完成这项工作很难。 It is hard to finish the work in such a short time. [知识拓展] (1)在It is ＋ adj.＋ for sb.to do sth.句型中，形容词只能说明不定式所表示的行为的性质或特点，不能说明不定式动作的执行者。能用于该结构的形容词有：difficult，easy，hard，important，impossible，necessary，possible等。 (2)在It is ＋ adj.＋ of sb.to do sth.句型中，形容词说明不定式逻辑主语的品行、性格、性质等，该句型通常可改为：sb.＋ be ＋ adj.＋ to do sth.。能用于该结构的形容词有：nice，good，stupid，silly，careful等。 (3)It is ＋ n．＋ to do sth.做某事是…… It takes sb.sometime to do sth. 某人花费某些时间做某事 [翻译] ①Sometimes it's necessary for children to make their own choices(孩子们有必要做出他们自己的选择)．
②It is careless of you to make so many mistakes(你犯了这么多错误太粗心了) in your composition.
③It's a pleasure to talk with you(和你谈话是件愉快的事)．
语法精讲
不定式作定语和结果状语
一、不定式作定语 [观察例句]
①Do you have anything to say for yourself? ②The Browns have a comfortable house to live in. ③Let's first find a room to put these things in. ④Have you got anything to be sent?
⑤They are always the first to bear hardships，but the last to enjoy comforts. ⑥Volunteering gives you a chance to change lives，including your own. [归纳用法]
(1)不定式作定语时与所修饰的词之间往往存在动宾关系，如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面需有相应的介词。
(2)当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者，且句子的主语是执行者时需用主动语态，若句子的主语不是执行者需用被动语态。
(3)若名词前有序数词、最高级或no，all，any，only等修饰，后面一般用不定式作定语。
(4)被修饰的是抽象名词时用不定式作定语，常见的抽象名词：ability，chance，idea，fact，excuse，promise，answer，reply，attempt，belief，way，reason，moment，time等。
[名师点津] 不定式作定语时，相当于定语从句。 二、不定式作结果状语 [观察例句]
①I hurried there，only to find that all of them had gone. ②The boy is old enough to dress himself.
③I'm too busy enjoying my life now to worry about the future! ④He was so kind as to help the old man get on the bus. ⑤We are not such fools as to believe you. [归纳用法]
(1)不定式作结果状语时常与only连用。
(2)在．．．enough to do sth.，too．．．to do sth.，so/such．．．as to do sth.结构中，
to do表示结果。
[名师点津] (1)不定式作结果状语时，相当于结果状语从句。
(2)不定式常表示出乎意料的结果，而v.ing作结果状语表示自然而然的结果。
Unit 4 Stage and screen
1.by prep.由……所作
2.production n．(演出、上映、制作等的)戏剧，电影，广播节目 3.be full of confidence 充满信心
4.date back to 追溯到(＝date from＝go back to) ※date back to/date from/go back to＋具体时间 date back/go back＋一段时间 5.revenge n．报复，报仇 6.prince n．王子 7.version n．版本 8.at first 起初 9.later adv.后来，以后
※latter adj.(刚提及的两者中)后者的 10.string n．(乐器的)弦
11.amazing adj.惊人的，了不起的 ※amazed adj.惊讶的
12.exaggerated adj.(声音或动作)夸张的
13.mime n．(演戏等时的)做手势(或其他示意动作) 14.get across 解释清楚，传达 15.female adj.女(性)的 16.whip n．鞭子
17.represent v．代表，表示 18.study n．书房
19.technique n．技巧，手法
20.transform v．使改观，使变形，使转化 21.universe n．宇宙，天地，万物 22.easily adv.无疑，肯定 23.backflip n．直体后空翻 24.incredible adj.难以置信的
25.dazzling adj.令人印象深刻的，特别吸引人的 26.energetic adj.精力充沛的，充满活力的 27.clap n．拍(手)，鼓(掌) 28.in fact 事实上
29.on the edge of one's seat 极为激动 30.emotion n．强烈的情感 31.anger n．愤怒，怒火 32.grief n．悲痛
33.combine v．(使)结合，(使)组合 34.poetry n．诗，诗歌
35.explosive adj.爆炸(式)的，爆发的
36.tick all the right boxes事情发展如人所愿，一切顺利
Words and Phrases
知识要点1 absorbed adj.专心致志的
(教材P41) As soon as the curtain rose，I was absorbed. 幕一拉开，我就全神贯注了。
[例1] The writer was so absorbed in his writing that he forgot everything outside.
这个作家全神贯注地进行写作，以至于忘了外面的一切。 [例2] He paused，absorbed by his reflections. 他停下来，陷入了沉思。
[造句] 当我进来时，他正聚精会神地在看小说。 When I entered，he was absorbed in reading a novel. [知识拓展] (1)be absorbed in (2)absorb v. absorb one's attention (3)absorbing adj. 专心致志于 吸收；吸引；使专心 吸引某人的注意 十分吸引人的；引人入胜的 知识要点2 put on 表演(节目)；穿上，戴上；假装，装出；增加(体重) (教材P42) Each of the contestants put on a wonderful performance—they all really wanted to win!
每个参赛者都进行了精彩的表演——他们都很想赢！
[例1] It's rather cold outside，you had better put on your overcoat. 外面相当冷，你最好穿上大衣。
[例2] He was very nervous，but did his best to put on a calm look. 他非常紧张，但极力装出平静的样子。
[造句] 我们在音乐会上要是演奏不好，那就太难看了。 It would be a shame if we put on a bad performance at the concert. [知识拓展] (1)put on a performance put on weight (2)put away put down put up put off put out 表演节目 增重，发胖 把……收好放起来 记下；放下； 举起；张贴；建造；(为……)提供住宿 推迟，延期 扑灭，熄灭 知识要点3 appealing adj.有吸引力的，有趣的 (教材P42) Leopards are such appealing creatures. 豹子是如此吸引人的动物。
[例1] TV shopping is appealing because you can buy things easily without going out.
电视购物很有吸引力，因为你可以不用出门就可以买东西。 [例2] It creates an atmosphere which visitors find so appealing. 它营造了一种游客感到很有趣的氛围。
[造句] 这是我去过的最有趣的地方之一。 This is one of the most appealing places I've been to. [知识拓展] (1)be appealing to sb. (2)appeal n. v. 对某人有吸引力 吸引力，魅力，呼吁 呼吁，恳求，上诉 make an appeal to sb.for sth. 向某人呼吁某事 appeal (to sb.) for sth. appeal to sb.to do sth. sth.appeal to sb. 恳求/呼吁某人某事 呼吁/请求某人做某事 (某物对某人)有吸引力； 某物使某人感兴趣 知识要点4 rude adj.粗鲁的，无礼的 (教材P42) What a rude person the host was! 主持人真是个粗鲁的人！
[例1] Please forgive me—I didn't mean to be rude. 请原谅我——我不是有意无礼的。
[例2] He told a rather rude joke，making everyone embarrassed. 他讲了一个相当粗俗的笑话，使每个人都非常尴尬。
[造句] 我想知道你怎么能这么长时间容忍这么一个粗鲁的人。 I wonder how you can put up with such a rude person for so long a time. [知识拓展] (1)be rude to sb. It is rude (of sb.) to do sth. (2)rudely adv. rudeness n. 对某人粗鲁 (对某人来说)做某事是粗鲁的 粗鲁地，无礼地 粗鲁，无礼 知识要点5 escape v．(从危险或糟糕的处境中)逃离，逃避，摆脱；(气体、液体等)漏出；被遗忘 n．逃跑，逃避
(教材P45) This is something that even the highly successful Harry Potter movies can't escape from．．．
……这是即使是非常成功的《哈利·波特》系列电影也无法逃避的现实。
[例1] No detail was too small to escape her attention. 任何细节都逃不过她的注意。
[例2] I remembered seeing him somewhere before，but his name escaped me for the moment.
我记得以前在某个地方见到过他，但一时想不起他的名字。 [造句] 如果犯法，任何人都逃不过惩罚。 No one can escape punishment if he breaks the law. [知识拓展] (1)escape from escape (doing) sth. 从……逃跑 逃脱(做)某事 escape sb./one's attention/notice 逃过某人的注意 (2)a narrow escape 死里逃生 知识要点6 disappointed adj.失望的，沮丧的 (教材P45) ．．．with fans of the books disappointed not to see some of their favourite characters in the movie versions.
没有看到他们最喜欢的一些角色出现在电影版本中，让这些书的粉丝失望……
[例1] They were greatly disappointed at the result of the game. 他们对比赛结果极为失望。
[例2] There was a disappointed look on her face when she saw the result. 当她看到结果时，脸上露出了失望的神情。 [造句] 他没有通过考试的消息让他感到非常失望。 The news that he failed the exam made him very disappointed. [知识拓展] (1)be disappointed to do sth. 因做某事而感到失望 (2)disappoint v. disappointing adj. disappointment n. to one's disappointment 使失望 令人失望的 失望 令某人失望的是 知识要点7 live up to 符合(标准)，不负(盛名) (教材P45) Many people thought she didn't live up to Helen's title of “the most beautiful woman in the world”，influencing opinions of the movie to some extent.
很多人认为她不符合海伦“世界上最美丽的女人”的称号，这在一定程度上影响了人们对电影的评价。
[例1] The concert was excellent—it lived up to our expectations. 音乐会很精彩——它没有让我们失望。
[例2] We will never fail to live up to what our parents expect us. 我们决不辜负我们的父母对我们的期望。 [造句] 我力求达到这所学校的高标准要求。 I try to live up to the high standard of the school. [知识拓展] live on live with live through 知识要点8 behave v．表现 (教材P47) She's taught how to behave perfectly. 她学会了如何举止得体。
[例1] To our amazement，the little boy behaves like a true gentleman. 令我们惊讶的是，这个小孩表现得像个真正的绅士。 [例2] They behaved very badly towards their guests. 他们对客人很不礼貌。
[造句] 父母应当教育子女要举止得体。
Parents should educate their children to behave themselves. [知识拓展] (1)behave oneself behave well behave badly to/towards sb. (2)behaviour n. [小片段助记] Tom behaved well at the party，his good behaviour delighted his parents greatly.
守规矩，举止得体 表现良好 对某人不礼貌 行为；举动 以……为生，以……为主食；继续生存 与……一起生活，忍受/容忍(不快的事) 活过 知识要点9 normal adj.正常的，平常的 n．正常；标准；常态
(教材P47) On the top of this，she must make a choice between continuing the normal life of a San Francisco teen and stepping up to the throne.
更重要的是，她必须在继续旧金山青少年的正常生活和登上王位之间做出选择。
[例1] It's normal to feel nervous before an exam. 考试之前觉得紧张是正常的。
[例2] The heavy rain raised the river two meters above normal. 这场大雨使得这条河水位超出标准两米。 [造句] 那时她和弟弟妹妹一起过着正常的生活。 Then she led a normal life with her sister and brother. [知识拓展] (1)It is normal (for sb.) to do sth. (对某人来说)做某事是正常的。 (2)be back/return to normal above/below normal (3)abnormal adj. 恢复正常 高于/低于正常水平 不正常的 知识要点10 responsibility n．责任 (教材P47) The movie explores the theme of responsibility in an intelligent and humorous way.
这部电影以智慧和幽默的方式探讨了责任这个主题。 [例1] We must be clear about where the responsibility lies. 我们必须清楚责任之所在。
[例2] Parents need to inspire a sense of responsibility in their children. 父母需要激励他们孩子的责任感。
[造句] 我想就如何把自由与责任结合起来发表一下意见。 I have something to say on how to combine freedom with responsibility. [知识拓展] (1)have responsibility for (doing) sth. 有(做)某事的责任 It is one's duty/responsibility to do sth. 某人有责任做某事 take responsibility for (doing) sth. 承担(做)某事的责任 (2)responsible adj. be responsible for (3)irresponsible adj. irresponsibility n. 有责任的；负责的 对……负责任 不负责任的 不负责任 知识要点11 absence n．缺乏，没有 (教材P47) Courage is not the absence of fear，but rather the judgement that something else is more important than fear.
勇气并不是没有恐惧，而是判断出某些事物更加重要。
[例1] Learning English as a foreign language is very difficult in the absence of a native language environment.
在缺乏母语环境的情况下作为外语的英语学习相当困难。
[例2] His absence of mind during the driving nearly caused an accident. 他开车时心不在焉，差点引发一起事故。 [造句] 经理不在的时候，我将负责整个公司。
In the absence of the manager，I shall be in charge of the company. [知识拓展] (1)in one's absence in the absence of (2)absent adj. be absent from 某人不在时 (物)缺乏，缺少；(人)不在时 缺席的，不在的 缺席，不在；缺少 Sentence Pattern
重点句式 if so 如果这样的话
(教材P44) If so，why has one of the earliest and greatest works in Western storytelling，Homer's The Odyssey，never had an equally great movie based on it?
如果这样的话，为什么西方最早和最精彩的故事之一，荷马的《奥德赛》，从来没有改编得同样精彩的电影？
句式分析：if so是if构成的省略句。类似的还有： if not 如果不这样的话 if any 如果有的话
if ever 如果曾经有的话 if possible 如果可能的话 if necessary 如果有必要
[例1] Please check over the speech draft and correct the mistakes，if any. 请把演讲稿检查一遍，如果有错误，请改正过来。 [例2] I want to avoid the rush hour if possible. 如果可能的话，我想避开交通高峰期。 [造句] 如果这样的话，你最好马上去看医生。 If so，you'd better see a doctor at once. [知识拓展] 在if，when，while，though，unless，as if等引导的状语从句中，如果状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致，且从句的谓语动词部分含有be动词，可将状语从句的主语和be动词省略。 [翻译] ①When very young(很小时)，she began to learn to play the piano. ②Although built ten years ago(尽管是十年前修的)，the house still looks new. ③While walking along the street(在街上散步时)，he heard his name called.
Words and Phrases
知识要点1 movement n．运动，动作 (教材P38) performers' movements 表演者们的动作
[例1] I had a broken leg，so movement was quite impossible. 我的脚骨折了，所以完全无法行动。
[例2] The cat followed every movement of the mouse. 猫注视着老鼠的每一个动作。
[造句] 她坐在角落里注视着我的一举一动。 She is sitting in the corner to watch my every movement. [知识拓展] (1)a movement for/against (2)move v. 支持/反对……的运动 活动，移动，感动 move away move sb.to tears 搬走 把某人感动得流泪 知识要点2 get across 解释清楚，传达 (教材P38) The performers of course sang in Chinese，but the music，exaggerated movements and mime helped get the meanings across to the audience.
表演者们当然用中文演唱，但音乐、夸张的动作和手势的表演都有助于把意思传达给观众。
[例1] I couldn't get my point across in the debate. 在辩论中我无法清楚地表明自己的观点。
[例2] This is the message that we want to get across to the public. 这条消息正是我们想向公众传达的。
[造句] 我讲得很慢，但我的意思还是没被理解。 I spoke slowly，but my meaning didn't get across. [知识拓展] get along/on with get around get down to get over get through 与……相处；进展 到处走动(旅行)；(消息、谣言等)传 播开来 开始认真做 克服；恢复 通过；完成；接通(电话) 知识要点3 transform v．使改观，使变形，使转化 (教材P39) Using such techniques，the opera had transformed a small stage into the whole universe.
运用这样的手法，京剧把一个小舞台变成了整个宇宙。
[例1] Under certain conditions we can transform the bad into the good. 在一定条件下，我们能把坏事变成好事。
[例2] In order to transform their environment，he drew up the project with painstaking efforts.
为了改造他们的环境，他苦心孤诣地制定了这个计划。 [造句] 电子邮件已经改变了人们的交流方式。
Email has transformed the way that people communicate. [知识拓展] (1)transform．．．into．．． transform from．．．to．．． (2)transformation n. 把……变成…… 把……从……转变成…… 改观，改变 知识要点4 energetic adj.精力充沛的，充满活力的 (教材P39) It was so dazzling and energetic that I wasn't sure if the characters were performers or athletes!
表演动作是如此剧烈又令人眼花缭乱，让我无法确定这些角色是表演者还是运动员！
[例1] After doing exercises，people will feel young，light and energetic. 锻炼之后人们会感到年轻、轻松和精力充沛。
[例2] He is already in his eighties，but he is always energetic. 他已经八十多了，但总是充满活力。 [造句] 你应当多锻炼以保持精力充沛。 You should exercise more so as to keep energetic. [知识拓展] (1)be energetic in doing sth. 积极做某事 (2)energy n. full of energy(＝energetic) have the energy to do sth. 精力，活力；能量，能源 精力充沛的 有精力做某事 知识要点5 edge n．边缘；优势；怒气，厌烦 (教材P39) But，in fact，I was on the edge of my seat. 但事实上，我感到兴奋不已。
[例1] We stood at the water's edge and looked at the beautiful lake. 我们站在水边眺望美丽的湖泊。
[例2] Training can give you the edge over your competitors. 培训可以使你比你的竞争者更有优势。 [造句] 她住在森林的最边缘。
She lived on the extreme edge of the forest．
[知识拓展] on edge at the edge of on the edge of on the edge of one's seat 紧张不安的，烦躁的 靠近……的边缘 在……边缘上，快要发生(尤指不好 的事) 极为激动 知识要点6 emotion n．强烈的情感；情绪 (教材P39) Feeling the strong emotions of love，anger，fear and grief in the performance，．．．
感受到表演中的爱、愤怒、恐惧和悲伤的强烈情绪，…… [例1] She tried to appeal to our emotions rather than to our reason. 她试图激发我们的情感而不是启发我们的思考。 [例2] The program will arouse the emotions of the viewers. 那个节目将会激起观众的情绪。
[造句] 作为一名护士，我学会了控制自己的情感。 As a nurse，I learned to control my emotions. [知识拓展] (1)a mixture of emotions (2)emotional adj. emotionally adv. 百感交集 感情的，情绪的 感情上，情绪上 知识要点7 anger n．愤怒，怒火 v．激怒 (教材P39)Feeling the strong emotions of love，anger，fear and grief in the performance．．．
感受到表演中的爱、愤怒、恐惧和悲伤的强烈情绪…… [例1] He was able to hold back his anger and avoid a fight. 他忍住了怒气，避免了一场殴斗。
[例2] It always angers me to see so much waste. 看到这么多垃圾我忍不住要发火。
[造句] 生气了要发泄出来而不要闷在肚子里。
It is better to express your anger，rather than bottle it up. [知识拓展] (1)in anger (2)angry adj. be angry with sb. be angry at/about sth. 动怒，生气 愤怒的，生气的 生某人的气 因某事而生气 知识要点8 combine v．(使)结合，(使)组合 (教材P39) So，if you want to see a show that combines music，singing，drama，poetry and costume design with explosive effect，The Revenge of Prince Zidan ticks all the right boxes!
所以，如果你想看一场集音乐、歌唱、戏剧、诗歌和服装设计于一体、带有爆炸性效应的演出，《王子复仇记》符合了所有的条件！
[例1] We should combine theory with practice in our teaching. 在我们的教学中，我们应该把理论和实践结合起来。
[例2] If he can combine his ability with hard work，he should be very successful. 如果他能把自己的才能和勤奋结合起来，必定会很有成就。 [造句] 我们应劳逸结合。 We should combine work with rest. [知识拓展] (1)combine．．．with．．． combine to do sth. (2)combination n. in combination with 把……与……结合在一起 联合起来做某事 结合，组合，联合 与……结合/联合 Sentence Pattern
重点句式 so．．．that．．．引导结果状语从句
(教材P38)The voices themselves sounded really unique—some of the female voices were so high that I was sure they could break glass!
表演者们的声音本身听起来很独特——有些女声非常高，以至于我确信它们可以震破玻璃！
句式分析：so/such．．．that．．．用来引导结果状语从句。其中so是副词，可以修饰形容词和副词，而such为形容词，修饰名词。其主要结构有：
adj.＋a（n）＋可数名词单数(1)so＋．． that．many/few＋可数名词复数
much/little（少）＋不可数名词
a（n）＋adj.＋可数名词单数 (2)such＋adj.＋可数名词复数．． that．
adj.＋不可数名词
当so或such以及它们所修饰的部分位于句首时，主句用部分倒装。 [例1] He told us so interesting a story that we all laughed. ＝He told us such an interesting story that we all laughed. 他给我们讲了一个这么有趣的故事，我们都大笑起来。 [例2] It is such fine weather that we all want to go out for a walk. 天气这么好，我们都想出去走走。
[例3] So difficult is the article that I can hardly understand it. 这篇文章太难了，我几乎读不懂。
[造句] 书店里那么多书，他不知道该买哪些。
There were so many books in the shop that he didn't know which ones to buy. [知识拓展] so that表示“因此，所以”时引导结果状语从句；表示“以便，为了”时引导目的状语从句。 [翻译] ①I'd like to arrive 20 minutes early so that I can have time for a cup of tea(以便有时间喝茶)．
②We moved to the countryside so that we were away from the noisy and dull city(从而远离了吵闹、单调的城市)．
语法精讲 动词-ing形式作状语
一、动词-ing的具体形式 [观察例句]
adj./adv.
①They sat in the classroom，reading the books borrowed from the library. ②I stood there motionless，not knowing what to do. ③Having succeeded in the test，he became more confident.
④Not having finished his homework，the boy was still doing it in the classroom. ⑤Having been told several times，he still couldn't understand how to operate the machine.
[归纳用法]
(1)动词-ing(以do为例)从形式上可分为一般式(doing)与完成式(having done)，其被动式分别为being done与having been done。
(2)动词-ing形式的一般式作状语，表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时或相继发生，其否定式为not doing。
(3)动词-ing形式的完成式作状语，表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。其否定式为not having been done。
二、动词-ing形式作状语的具体情况 1．时间状语 [观察例句]
①Walking in the park，she came across an old friend. ②You should never take a chance while driving a car. [归纳用法]
动词-ing形式作时间状语时，相当于时间状语从句，有时可在前面加上when或while。例①的Walking＝When she was walking。
[即学即练2] 用括号内动词的适当形式填空 ①Hearing(hear) the good news，he jumped with joy.
②Having finished(finish) his summary，he went out for a walk. ③When approaching(approach) a crossroad，you must be careful. 2．原因状语 [观察例句]
①Not knowing his address，I couldn't call on him.
②Having eaten at the cafeteria before，Tina didn't want to eat there again. ③Being well taken care of，she recovered quickly.
[归纳用法]
动词-ing形式作原因状语时，相当于原因状语从句。例①的Not knowing＝Because I didn't know
3．伴随或方式状语 [观察例句]
①He sat in the armchair，reading a newspaper.
②He suddenly appeared in class one day，wearing sunglasses. [归纳用法]
动词-ing形式作伴随或方式状语时，可以转换成并列成分。例①的reading＝and read 。
4. 条件状语 [观察例句]
①Turning to the left，you will find a path.
②Taking more exercise，you'll become stronger and healthier. [归纳用法]
动词-ing形式作条件状语时，相当于条件状语从句。例①的Turning＝If you turn。
5．让步状语 [观察例句]
①Having tried many times，he still couldn't overcome the difficulties.
②Though lacking money，his parents managed to send him to university seventeen years ago.
[归纳用法]
动词-ing形式作让步状语时，相当于让步状语从句。例①的Having tried＝Although he had tried。
有时可在动词-ing前面加上although/though，even if/even though等。 6．结果状语 [观察例句]
①The boy fell off his bike，breaking his left arm.
②Their car was caught in a traffic jam，thus causing the delay.
[归纳用法]
动词-ing形式作结果状语时，表示必然的结果，通常放在句末，相当于so或so that引导的结果状语从句。例①的breaking＝so that he broke。有时为了突出结果，可在动词-ing前加上thus。
不定式作结果状语时，表示出人意料的结果，常与only，never连用。 7．评注性状语 [观察例句]
①Generally speaking，children are naturally curious.
②Considering the budget，we have decided to give up the travel plan. [归纳用法]
有些动词-ing形式用于句首，没有逻辑主语而存在，作为句子的成分来修饰全句，表明说话者的态度、观点等，这被称为评注性状语。常见的评注性状语有：generally speaking一般来说，frankly speaking坦率地说，roughly speaking大致说来，judging from/by．．．根据……来判断，considering．．．考虑到……，supposing．．．假如……等。
Unit 5 On the road
1.at that 此外，而且 2.take pictures/photos 拍照
3.post pictures on one's blog 在博客上发布照片 4.less than 少于
5.regard．．．as．．．把……当作…… 6.be determined to do sth.决心做某事 7.come true (梦想、愿望等)实现 8.professional adj. 专业的，职业的 9.blogger n. 博客作者，博主 10.challenging adj.富有挑战性的
11.spend time (in) doing sth.花费时间做某事
12.fall in love with 爱上(表动作) ※be in love with 爱上(表状态) 13.extremely adv.极度，极其
14.indigenous adj.本地的，土生土长的 15.in particular 尤其，特别 16.unique adj.独特的，独一无二的 17.untouched adj.未受影响的；原封未动的 18.work full time 全职 ※work part time 兼职
19.take every opportunity to do sth.抓住一切机会做某事 20.admire v．欣赏 21.kangaroo n．袋鼠
22.make an impact on 对……产生影响 23.crocodile n．鳄鱼
24.quest n．(长期的)寻求，探索，追求 25.make a comment about/on 对……做出评论 26.is used to (doing) sth.习惯于(做)某事 ※used to do sth.过去常常做某事 be used to do sth.被用来做某事 27.become/be familiar with 熟悉 28.over time 随着时间的推移
29.(be/become) aware of 知道……；意识到……
Words and Phrases
知识要点1 aboard adv.在船(飞机、火车)上 prep.上船(飞机、火车)
(教材P53) People who travel aboard the Bernina Express have the chance to see incredible views.
在伯尔尼纳快车上旅行的人们有机会看到难以置信的景色。 [例1] The plane crashed killing all 200 people aboard. 飞机失事，机上200人全部遇难。
[例2] They were the last two to go aboard the ship. 他们是最后两位上船的。
[造句] 船上所有的人在这次事故中都幸存下来了。 All the people aboard survived in the accident. [知识拓展] (1)go aboard (the plane/ship/train) 登机/上船/上车 All aboard! (2)board n. v. on board (口语) 请大家上船/车/飞机！ 木板 登机；上船 在船上；在飞机上 abroad与aboard两者容易混淆，abroad是副词，意为“在国外；到国外”。 知识要点2 apply for 申请
(教材P54) I checked the embassy website and we don't need to apply for a visa now.
我查阅了大使馆网站，我们现在不必申请签证。
[例1] I learned from the newspaper that your company needs an English secretary，and I'm writing to apply for the position.
我从报纸上了解到你公司需要一名英语秘书，我写信申请该职位。 [例2] I made up my mind to apply for a scholarship. 我决定申请奖学金。
[造句] 我写信来申请学生志愿者的职位。
I'm writing to apply for the position as a student volunteer. [知识拓展] (1)apply to apply．．．to．．． apply oneself to (2)application n. applicant n. 适用于(to为介词) 把……运用于…… 致力于，集中精力于 请求；申请，申请表；应用 申请人 知识要点3 in advance 提前，预先 (教材P54) Don't forget to check in online and print your boarding pass in
advance.
别忘了在网上办理登机手续并提前打印登机牌。
[例1] If you inform me in advance，I will have your order ready for you. 你若预先通知我，我就能给您准备好了。
[例2] To make sure that he was at home，I called him up in advance. 为了确定他在家，我事先打了电话给他。 [造句] 如果你有什么难事，请提前让我知道。
If you have anything difficult，please let me know in advance. [知识拓展] (1)in advance of make advances in (2)advanced adj. 比……进步；在……之前 在……方面取得进展 高级的；进步的；先进的 知识要点4 engage v．参与，参加；吸引；订婚 (教材P55) Adventure tourism：travellers explore unusual or remote destinations，often engaging in risky activities.
冒险旅行：旅行者们探索不寻常或者偏远的目的地，常会参与冒险活动。 [例1] Students are given the fullest opportunity to engage in class discussions. 学生拥有充足的机会参与课堂讨论。
[例2] As soon as the project came up at the meeting，it engaged many people's attention.
这个项目在大会上一提出，就引起了许多人的注意。 [造句] 暑假期间我们应该参与社会活动。
We should engage in social activities during summer holidays. [知识拓展] (1)engage in (2)engaged adj. be engaged in be engaged to (3)engagement n. 参加，参与 忙碌的；(电话)占线的；订婚的 忙于…… 与……订婚 约定；订婚 知识要点5 mass n．大量，许多；团；块；堆 adj. 大量的；大规模的 (教材P57) There were forests，mountains with snowy tops and masses of ice. 有森林，山顶有积雪，还有大片的冰。 [例1] A cloud is a mass of vapour in the sky. 云是天空中的水汽团块。
[例2] It's mass production that has reduced the prices of cars. 是大规模生产降低了汽车的价格。 [造句] 院里有一堆沙子。 There is a mass of sand in the yard. [知识拓展] (1)a mass of/masses of 许多的；大量的(后跟名词作主语时，谓语动词的数与of后的名词保持一致) the masses (2)mass production mass media 群众；平民百姓 批量生产 大众传媒 知识要点6 cheer (．．．) up 使高兴起来，使振作起来 (教材P57) To cheer her up，we went to a typical Quebec restaurant for lunch. 为了让她高兴起来，我们去了一家典型的魁北克餐厅吃午饭。 [例1] Lucy looks upset so we should try to cheer her up. 露西很伤心，因此我们应尽力让她高兴起来。
[例2] Most children need encouragement in time of failure so that they can cheer up again.
大部分孩子在失败时需要鼓励以便振作起来。 [造句] 没人能帮你，因此你必须让自己振作起来。 Nobody can help you，so you must cheer yourself up. [知识拓展] (1)cheer on (2)cheer v．& n. cheerful adj. 为……加油 欢呼 高兴的 知识要点7 keep in touch (with) (与……)保持联系；知道(……的)情况 (教材P57) We're going to keep in touch，so I now have someone to practise
French with!
我们将会保持联系，因此我现在有人一块练习法语了！ [例1] Now most of our classmates keep in touch through WeChat. 现在我们的大部分同学都是通过微信保持联系。
[例2] We must keep in touch with what is happening in foreign countries. 我们必须了解国外的动态。
[造句] 多保重，不要忘了保持联系。
Take care of yourself and don't forget to keep in touch. [知识拓展] get in contact with lose contact with be in/out of contact with 与……取得联系(表动作) 与……失去联系(表动作) 与……有/没有联系(表状态) Sentence Patterns
重点句式1 There is no doubt that．．．毫无疑问……
(教材P53) There is no doubt that the Bernina Express is a journey for travellers who want to get back to nature．．．
毫无疑问，伯尔尼纳快车对想要回归自然的旅行者来说是一趟旅行…… 句式分析：(1)There is no doubt．．．意为“毫无疑问……”，that引导同位语从句，解释说明doubt的具体内容。
(2)There is some doubt about/whether．．．怀疑……
[例1] There's no doubt that you can gain more benefits from it. 毫无疑问你会从中获得更多的益处。
[例2] There is some doubt whether the old man will recover from the operation.
人们怀疑这位老人能否从手术中恢复。
[造句] 他学习很努力，毫无疑问他会通过这次考试。 He studies very hard，there is no doubt that he will pass the exam. [知识拓展] (1)同位语从句一般由that，wh类连接词引导，常放在doubt，fact，news，idea，truth，hope，problem等名词的后面，解释说明该名词的具体内容。 (2)有时名词性从句可以不紧跟在被说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。 [翻译] ①When the news came that the war broke out(战争爆发)，he decided to serve in the army.
②I have no idea whether he will come to help us(他是否来帮助我们)． ③The notice came around two in the afternoon that the meeting would be put off(会议将被推迟)．
重点句式2 强调句型
(教材P57) It was then that I realised her seat was empty! 就在那时，我意识到她的座位是空的！
句式分析：句中的 It was then that．．．是强调句型，强调了时间状语then。强调句型的基本结构为：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋句子其他部分。
[例1] It is the teacher's praise that contributes to my success. 是老师的表扬促使我成功的。
[例2] It was his best friend that/who he met at the party. 在聚会时他遇到的是他最好的朋友。
[造句] 正是多年艰苦的工作才造就了他今天的成功。 It was years of hard work that has made him successful today. [知识拓展] (1)强调句型的一般疑问句：Is/Was it ＋被强调部分＋that/who＋句子其他部分？ (2)强调句型的特殊疑问句：疑问词(被强调部分)＋is/was＋it＋that＋句子其他部分？ (3)not．．．until．．．结构的强调句型：It is/was not until＋被强调部分＋that＋句子其他部分。 Words and Phrases
知识要点1 be determined to do sth.决心做某事
(教材P50) In 2013，I was determined to make my dream come true．．． 2013年，我决心要实现我的梦想……
[例1] We are determined to get the work done before Monday. 我们决定周一前完成这项工作。
[例2] No matter how great the difficulty is，we are determined to overcome it. 无论有多困难，我们也决心克服。 [造句] 我们决心提前完成这项任务。
We are determined to finish the task ahead of time. [知识拓展] (1)determined adj. be determined that．．． (2)determine v. determine to do sth. (3)determination n. with determination 知识要点2 fall in love with 爱上 (教材P50) I fell in love with northern WA and have been back six times. 我爱上了西澳大利亚的北部，并且回来过六次。
[例1] I fell in love with Beijing the first time I visited the city. 我第一次来北京就喜欢上了这座城市。
[例2] He fell in love with her the first time he met her at college. 他第一次在大学遇见她就爱上了她。 [造句] 他还是个孩子时就爱上了音乐。 He fell in love with music when he was a child. [知识拓展] fall in love (with) be in love (with) 爱上，相爱(表示动作，不可与时间段连用) 爱上，喜欢(表示状态，可与时间段连用) 坚决的；有决心的；意志坚定的 决定……；坚信…… 决定；下定决心 决心做某事 坚定；决心 坚决地 知识要点3 in particular 尤其，特别 (教材P51) The Kimberley region，in particular，is unique and untouched. 特别是金伯利地区，它是独特和未受影响的。
[例1] He likes helping others，in particular those who are in trouble. 他喜欢帮助别人，尤其是那些处于困境的人。
[例2] She loves the song in particular，because her mother was once the singer of it.
她特别喜欢这首歌，因为她母亲曾经演唱过这首歌。 [造句] 音乐会很棒，我尤其喜欢最后的那首歌。 It was a good concert.I enjoyed the last song in particular. [知识拓展] be particular about/over particularly adv. 对……非常讲究/挑剔 尤其，特别 知识要点4 be used to (doing) sth.习惯于(做)某事(强调状态) (教材P51) This crocodile is used to passengers throwing food from boats and now she is becoming familiar with humans.
这条鳄鱼习惯了乘客从船上扔食物，现在它对人类越来越熟悉了。 [例1] He is used to sleeping with the window open at night in summer. 夏天的夜晚他习惯开着窗户睡觉。
[例2] Now he has been used to the country life. 现在他已经习惯了乡村生活。 [造句] 他习惯于早睡早起。
He is used to going to bed early and getting up early. [知识拓展] get/become used to (doing) sth. 习惯于(做)某事(强调动作) be used to do sth. used to do sth. 被用来做某事 过去常常做某事 知识要点5 over time 随着时间的推移 (教材P51) Over time，this could make her a danger to people living in the area. 随着时间的推移，这可能会使它对生活在该地区的人们构成威胁。 [例1] Over time，he came to realize the importance of study. 随着时间的推移，他开始意识到了学习的重要性。
[例2] Over time，his music is becoming more and more popular. 随着时间的推移，他的音乐越来越为人们所喜爱。 [造句] 随着时间的推移，我们村发生了很大的变化。
Over time，great changes took place in our village. [知识拓展] in time in no time on time at a time at one time at the same time at no time 及时；最终 马上；一会儿 按时 每次，一次 曾经，一度 同时 在任何时候都不；从来没有(位于句 首时，句子要用部分倒装) 知识要点6 (教材P52)Why Lauren Bath quit her job as a chef and chose a different profession．
为什么劳伦·巴思辞去了厨师的工作，选择了一份不同的职业？ (1)quit v．离开(工作岗位、学校等)；离任；停止，戒掉 [例1] He quit the tiresome job and had to tighten his belt. 他辞去了令人厌烦的工作，不得不勒紧腰带过日子。
[例2] I advised him to think twice before deciding to quit school. 我劝告他在决定退学之前再仔细考虑一番。 [造句] 这人同老板吵了架，辞去了工作。 The man quarreled with his boss and quit his job. [知识拓展] (1)quit doing sth. (2)quit one's job quit office/school 停止做某事 辞掉工作 离职/退学 (2)profession n．(需要高等教育和训练的)专业，职业；同行；表白，声明 [例1] First of all，you should know what profession suits you. 首先，你应该知道什么职业适合你。
[例2] He is a leading member of the medical profession. 他是医疗行业中首屈一指的医生。
[造句] 他很快就改变了对这个职业的看法。
He soon changed his opinion of the profession. [知识拓展] (1)by profession (2)professional adj. n. 以……为职业 职业的；专业的 专业人士 知识要点7 previous adj.以前的，先前的 (教材P52)Previous job 以前的工作
[例1] This year's harvest is better than any previous year's. 今年的收成比以往哪年都好。
[例2] This action is greatly different from his previous attitude. 这一行为与他以往的态度大相径庭。 [造句] 他从前没有做这种工作的经验。 He had no previous experience of this kind of job. [知识拓展] previous to previously adv. 在……之前(to为介词) 以前，先前 Sentence Pattern
重点句式 only if引导条件状语从句
(教材P49) Maybe，but only if it doesn't look dangerous. 也许吧，但前提是看起来不危险。
句式分析：(1)only if意为“只有”，引导条件状语从句，only起强调作用。 (2)only if位于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。
[例1] The world is full of wonders，only if we open our eyes to see them. 只有我们睁大双眼看世界，才会发现世界充满奇迹。
[例2] Only if you work hard can you make rapid progress in your study. 只有努力学习，你才会在学习上取得快速的进步。 [造句] 你只有专心学习，考试才能及格。
You will pass your exams only if you are absorbed in your study． [知识拓展] (1)if only意为“但愿……，要是……就好了”，常常表示强烈的愿望或遗憾。 (2)if only后的句子中谓语动词用过去时表示现在或将来难以实现的愿望，用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望。 [翻译] ①If only I had a car(要是我有辆车)，I could get out of the place. 要是我有辆车，我就能离开这个地方了。
②If only I had followed my English teacher's advice(要是我听从了英语老师的建议该多好)! I feel very regretful.
语法精讲 动词-ing形式作定语
一、表示属性、作用或用途 [观察例句]
①There's always plenty to read in the reading room. ②They set up an operating table in a small temple. [归纳用法]
动词-ing形式表示被修饰词的属性、作用或用途时，作“供……用”讲，相当于介词for短语，需置于被修饰词之前。例如the reading room＝the room for reading；an operating table＝a table for operation。
二、表示动作或状态 [观察例句]
①The youth of our country are often compared to the rising sun. ②The boy sitting beside Mr.Wang is our monitor. ③The houses being built are for the teachers. [归纳用法]
(1)表示被修饰词发出的动作或存在的状态，与被修饰词之间为主动关系时用doing；与被修饰词之间为被动关系时用being done。
(2)表示动作或状态时，动词-ing形式在功能上相当于一个定语从句。如the rising sun＝the sun that/which is rising；the houses being built＝the houses that/which are being built。
(3)单个的动词-ing作定语时，常放在被修饰词之前；动词-ing短语作定语时，
则放在被修饰词之后。
三、形容词化的动词-ing形式 [观察例句]
①That must have been a terrifying experience.
②A good teacher knows how to turn a boring lesson into an interesting one. ③The disappointing boy is always making trouble in class. [归纳用法]
有些动词-ing形式已经转化为形容词，作定语时修饰物，有时也可修饰人，表示“令人……的”
Unit 6 Earth first
1.shark n．鲨鱼
2.surface v．升到水面，浮出水面 3.in fear 害怕地
4.a success 一个成功的人或一件成功的事 ※success作不可数名词时，意为“成功” 5.award n．奖，奖品，奖金 6.strengthen v．加强，巩固 7.scared v．使(某人)惊恐，吓唬 ※be scared of 害怕
8.make things worse 使事情更糟糕 9.frightened adj.害怕的，受惊的 ※be frightened of 害怕 10.stop doing sth.停止做某事 11.(be) afraid of 害怕 12.the number of ……的数量 ※a number of 大量的 13.due to 由于，因为
14.fin v．切去(鱼的)鳍 n．鱼鳍 15.cut off 切掉，砍掉 16.millions of 数以百万计的 ※hundreds of 数以百计的 ※thousands of 数以千计的
17.have an effect on/upon对……有……影响 18.be based on 以……为基础
19.dive v．(通常指使用呼吸设备的)潜水 20.come across 偶遇
21.be covered with 被……覆盖 22.see．．．as 把……看作 23.rather than 而不是
24.the other way round 相反，反过来 25.from that day on 从那天起
26.target v．把……作为目标 n．目标，靶子，对象 27.by mistake 错误地，弄错 28.fortunately adv.幸运地
29.became/be interested in 对……感兴趣 30.extinction n．灭绝，绝种
Words and Phrases
知识要点1 devote v．致力，献身，倾注
(教材P65) Now，she is a model and performance artist devoted/devoting to ocean conservation.
现在，她是一名致力于海洋保护的模特和行为艺术家。 [例1] He is determined to devote his life to science. 他决心把毕生精力贡献给科学事业。
[例2] I want to be a teacher very much and devote myself to teaching. 我很想当老师，一生致力于教学工作。 [造句] 你必须专心于工作。
You must devote your attention to your work. [知识拓展] (1)devote one's life/ time/ energy to ( doing) sth. devote oneself to (2)devoted adj. be devoted to (doing) sth. (3)devotion n. 把某人的生命/时间/精力献给…… 致力于；献身于；专心于 挚爱的；忠实的 献身于；专心致志于 奉献；忠诚 知识要点2 reserve n．(野生生物)保护区；贮存 v．保留；贮存；预订
(教材P65) Hello from Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve(SNNR)． 你好，这里是三江源国家自然保护区。
[例1] A friend can be a reserve of help in times of trouble. 朋友可以在困难的时候提供帮助。
[例2] These seats are reserved for special guests. 这些座位是留给贵宾的。
[造句] 为了保护野生动物，应该多建立野生动物保护区。 To protect wild animals，more wildlife reserves should be set up. [知识拓展] (1) without reserve keep sth.in reserve (2) reserve sth.for sb. reserve the right to do sth. 毫无保留 保存某物以备用 为某人预留某物 保留做某事的权利 知识要点3 damage v．& n．破损，损害，损伤 (教材P65) In recent years，we have seen large areas of wetland that were damaged by human activity.
近年来，我们看到大片湿地被人类活动破坏。
[例1] Many buildings and cars have been damaged in the explosion. 许多大楼和汽车在这次爆炸中受损。
[例2] The storm did a great deal of damage to the old houses.
暴风雨给那些旧房屋造成了很大损坏。 [造句] 吸烟会损害你的健康。 Smoking can damage your health. [知识拓展] suffer damage do/cause damage to 遭受损坏 给……造成损坏 damage指部分性“损坏，破坏”，一般可以修复；而destroy指彻底地“毁坏，破坏”，一般不能或很难再修复。
知识要点4 (教材P65) We've also seen droughts and floods caused by these changes，which affect the water supply downstream.
我们还看到了由这些变化引起的干旱和洪水，这些变化影响了下游的供水。 (1)flood n．洪水，水灾；大量 v．淹没；泛滥；(感觉或回忆)涌上心头 [例1] A business needs insurance against risks such as fire and flood. 公司需要上保险以防备火灾、洪灾等风险。 [例2] The ground floor of the house was flooded. 房子的底层被淹了。
[造句] 水坝不太坚固，挡不住洪水。
The dam was not strong enough to hold back the flood. [知识拓展] (1)be in flood a flood of (2)flooded areas flood in/into flood back (河水)上涨，泛滥 大量的 水灾地区 大量涌入 (感觉或回忆)涌上心头 (2)affect v．影响；打动；(疾病)侵袭 [例1] An unhappy home environment can affect a child's behaviour. 不愉快的家庭环境能影响儿童的行为。
[例2] We were all deeply affected by the news of her death. 她去世的消息使我们都深感悲痛。 [造句] 众所周知，吸烟影响我们的健康。
It is well known that smoking affects our health. [知识拓展] (1)be affected by be affected with a high fever (2)effect n. in effect have an effect on 被……侵袭；被……感动 发高烧 作用；影响；结果 事实上 对……有影响 知识要点5 adopt v．采取(某种方法)；收养 (教材P65) This includes keeping the original environment from being touched，as well as adopting new，sustainable ways of feeding farm animals.
这包括保持原始环境不被触及，以及采用新的、可持续性的方式喂养农场动物。
[例1] Our school has adopted a new teaching method. 我们学校采用了一种新的教学方法。
[例2] They had no children of their own，so they adopted a neighbor's girl. 他们自己无儿女，所以收养了一个邻居家的女孩。 [造句] 三个队采用了不同的方式来解决这个问题。 The three teams adopted different ways to solve the problem. [知识拓展] (1)adopt an idea/a plan adopt a positive attitude (2)adopted adj. adoption n. 采纳意见/计划 采取积极的态度 领养的 采用；收养 adapt与adopt词形相近，但adapt意为“适应；改编”。 知识要点6 reduce v．减少，降低
(教材P66) Reduce waste by choosing reusable products．．． 通过选择可重复使用的产品来减少浪费……
[例1] Everyone should try to reduce the amount of salt in our diet. 大家都应该在饮食中减少盐的摄入量。
[例2] One of the most effective ways to reduce stress is to talk about feelings
with someone you trust.
减少压力最有效的方式之一就是与你信任的人聊聊感受。 [造句] 现在有这台电脑帮忙，我们就能降低生产成本了。 Now we can reduce the production costs with the help of the computer. [知识拓展] reduce．．．to．．． reduce．．．by．．． be reduced to (doing) sth. 把……减少到…… 把……减少了…… 沦落到……地步 知识要点7 permission n．允许，许可 (教材P67) A polite interruption is usually framed as a request for permission to interrupt someone，often starting with If．．．，May I．．．?
礼貌的打断通常被理解为请求允许打断某人，通常以If．．．，May I．．．？开始。 [例1] You must ask for permission before taking any photos inside the hall. 必须申请批准方可在大厅内拍照。
[例2] We've got permission to go inside the old building. 我们已获准进入那栋老建筑物。 [造句] 他请求经理准许他请假一天。
He asked the manager's permission to take a day off. [知识拓展] (1)ask for permission without permission (2)permit v. n. permit doing sth. permit sb.to do sth. 请求许可 未经许可 许可，允许 执照；许可证 允许做某事 允许某人做某事 知识要点8 break down 分解；(机器等)出故障；(身体、精神等)垮掉；(谈判等)失败；拆除
(教材P68) It takes hundreds of years for plastic to break down，but much less time for paper.
塑料需要几百年才能分解，而纸分解的时间则要短得多。
[例1] You will break down sooner or later if you go on working like that. 如果你继续像那样工作的话，迟早会累垮的。 [例2] Talks with business leaders broke down last night. 昨晚与商业首脑的会谈失败了。 [造句] 我们的车在去公司的路上坏了。 Our car broke down on the way to the company. [知识拓展] break up break in break into break out break through 解散；结束；拆散 强行进入；打断(谈话)，插嘴 闯入，破门而入 爆发，突然发生 突破；克服，战胜 知识要点9 amount n．数量，数额 v．总计；达到 (教材P68) However，making a paper bag uses four times as much energy as making a plastic bag and up to three times the amount of water.
然而，生产一个纸袋所消耗的能量是生产一个塑料袋的四倍，用水量是(生产)塑料袋的三倍。
[例1] Any amount，great or small，will be appreciated.数量不论多少都将受到欢迎。
[例2] The loss from the flood amounts to ten million dollars. 水灾的损失共达1 000万美元。 [造句] 他每天有大量的信件要回复。
He has a large amount of mails to answer every day. [知识拓展] (1)a large/small amount of large/small amounts of (2)amount to 大/少量的(跟名词作主语时，谓语动 词用单数) 大/少量的(跟名词作主语时，谓语动 词用复数) 达到；等于；总共；共计 知识要点10 take．．．into account 把……考虑进去 (教材P69) In some cases，local produce might have used more energy and produced more greenhouse gases than produce grown a long way away —even taking into account its transport.
在某些情况下，当地的农产品消耗的能源和产生的温室气体也可能比生长在很远的地方的农产品多——甚至考虑到它的运输。
[例1] When it comes to developing our economy，we must take environmental protection into account.
当谈到发展我们的经济时，我们必须要考虑环保。
[例2] When judging his performance，don't take his age into account. 评价他的表演时，不要把他的年龄考虑在内。 [造句] 我衷心希望你能考虑我的建议。
I sincerely hope that you will take my suggestions into account. [知识拓展] (1)take account of ＝ take．．．into account 把……考虑在内 give an account of on account of on no account (2)account for 对……进行描述 因为，由于 决不(位于句首时句子用部分倒装) 解释，说明；(数量/比例上)占据 知识要点11 urge v．竭力主张，强烈要求，敦促 n．冲动；强烈的愿望
(教材P71)It urges people to save food by not wasting anything on the dining table. 它敦促人们节约食物，不要在餐桌上浪费任何东西。 [例1] Our teacher urged us to do more exercise after class. 我们的老师强烈要求我们课后多锻炼。
[例2] I never felt an urge to learn any sign language before. 我以前从未感觉到学习手势语的强烈愿望。
[造句] 随着高考的临近，我们的老师敦促我们要努力学习。
Our teacher urged us to study hard with the College Entrance Examination drawing near.
[知识拓展] (1)urge sb.to do sth./into doing sth. 力劝/敦促某人做某事 urge that．．． urge (sb.) on (2)urgent adj. in urgent need of (3)urgently adv. urgency n. 强烈要求；极力主张[从句谓语动词 用(should＋)动词原形] 力劝；强调；强烈要求 紧急的；迫切的 急需 紧急地；迫切地 紧急；紧急情况 知识要点12 concerned adj.焦急的，担忧的；关心的；有关的 (教材P71)We are concerned that．．． 我们担心……
[例1] I can't help but feel very concerned. 我禁不住感到很担心。
[例2] Now an increasing number of people are concerned about the environmental protection.
现在越来越多的人关注环境保护。
[造句] 我很担心我们可能无法按时完成此事。 I'm very concerned that we may not finish this on time. [知识拓展] (1)be concerned about/for be concerned with/in as far as．．．be concerned (2)concern n．& v. show/express concern about/for (3)concerning prep. 关心；挂念 与……有关；参与；牵扯到 就……而言 关心；担心 对……表示关心/担心 关于 concerned用作形容词时，意为“关心的；担心的”，作前置定语；表示“相关的，有关的”，作后置定语。
知识要点13 contribute v．促成，造成(某事发生)；捐献；贡献；投稿 (教材P72) Look at the three items that contribute to a carbon footprint. 看看造成碳足迹的三个因素。
[例1] Eating too much fat can contribute to heart disease and cause high blood pressure.
吃太多脂肪会引起心脏病和高血压。
[例2] He contributed a large sum of money to the flood victims. 他捐出一大笔钱给受水灾的灾民。 [造句] 老师告诉我们锻炼有助于健康。
Our teacher tells us that exercise contributes to good health. [知识拓展] (1)contribute to contribute．．．to．．． (2)contribution n. 促成；导致 向……捐献；向……投稿 贡献；捐献；稿件 对……做出贡献；向……捐款 make a contribution/contributions to 知识要点14 average adj.平均(数)的；普通的，一般的 n．平均；平均数；平均水平 v．平均为，平均达到
(教材P72)The average score of our group is．．． 我们组的平均成绩是……
[例1] The average time Chinese people spend online is 17 hours per week. 中国人平均花在网上的时间是每周17个小时。
[例2] To their joy，their son's schoolwork is well above average. 使他们高兴的是，他们儿子的学习成绩远远高于平均水平。 [造句] 这个工厂工人平均每月的工资是多少？ What's the workers' average income a month in this factory? [知识拓展] an average of with the/an average of on (the/an) average above/below (the) average 平均 平均为 平均起来；在一般情况下 高于/低于平均数 Sentence Pattern
重点句式 倍数表达法
(教材P68) However，making a paper bag uses four times as much energy as making a plastic bag and up to three times the amount of water.
然而，生产一个纸袋所消耗的能量是制造一个塑料袋的四倍，用水量是(生产)塑料袋的三倍。
句式分析：four times as much energy as是倍数表达法，其句型为“倍数＋as much/many＋n.＋as”。
[例1] Our company has published twice as many books as we did last year. 我们公司出版的书是去年的两倍。
[例2] Peter's jacket looked just the same as Jack's，but it cost twice as much as his.
彼得的上衣看上去和杰克的一样，但价钱却是他上衣的两倍。 [造句] 他拥有的书的数量是他妹妹的三倍。 He has got three times as many books as his younger sister. [知识拓展] 常见的倍数句型： (1)．．．倍数＋as＋adj./adv.的原级＋as．．． (2)．．．倍数＋adj./adv.的比较级＋than．．． (3)．．．倍数＋the＋性质名词(size/length/width/height/depth．．．) ＋of．．． Words and Phrases
知识要点1 scare v．使(某人)惊恐，吓唬 n．恐慌，惊吓
(教材P62) People have always been scared of sharks，but Jaws made things worse.
虽然人们一直都害怕鲨鱼，但《大白鲨》让事态变得更为严重。 [例1] The drought is really serious，but it can't scare us. 旱情确实很严重，但它吓不倒我们。
[例2] Don't you realize what a scare you've given us all? 你难道没意识到你把我们大家都吓得不轻吗？ [造句] 对不起，我并不是要吓唬你们。 I'm sorry，but I didn't mean to scare you. [知识拓展] (1)scare．．．away/off scare．．．to death scare sb.into doing sth. scare sb.out of one's mind/skin (2)scared adj. be scared of (3)scary adj. 把……吓跑 把……吓得要死 威胁/恐吓某人做某事 把某人吓得魂不附体 害怕的，恐惧的 害怕 可怕的，吓人的 知识要点2 due to 因为，由于；应归于；应支付 (教材P62)This was not only due to fear of sharks，but also finning. 这不仅是因为人们对鲨鱼的恐惧，还因为割鳍。 [例1] Most of the problems were due to human error. 多数问题都是人为错误造成的。
[例2] That money is due to me，but I haven't got it yet. 那笔钱是应付给我的，而我至今还未拿到。 [造句] 这项工程由于缺乏资金而不得不放弃。 The project had to be abandoned due to a lack of money. [知识拓展] be due to do sth.预期做某事，预定要做某事 知识要点3 cut off 切掉，砍掉；切断，中断(供给)；使隔绝 (教材P62)Finning is a type of fishing where sharks are caught and their fins cut off.
割鳍是一种捕鱼方式，在这种捕鱼方式中，鲨鱼被捕获后，它们的鳍被割掉。 [例1] He had hardly turned on the TV when the power was cut off. 他刚要打开电视就停电了。
[例2] The village was cut off from the outside world by heavy snow for a month. 由于大雪，这个村子与外界隔离了一个月。 [造句] 他在工作时被机器切掉了一个手指。 He had a finger cut off by a machine while working. [知识拓展] cut down cut in cut out cut up cut through 砍倒；减少，缩减 插话；插进；让某人分享利润 裁剪；删除 切碎；剁碎 开通(隧道) 知识要点4 fortunately adv.幸运地 (教材P63)Fortunately，not everyone who watched the film Jaws became afraid of sharks—some became interested in understanding them.
幸运的是，并不是所有看过电影《大白鲨》的人都害怕鲨鱼——有些人对了解鲨鱼很感兴趣。
[例1] I got to the station late，but fortunately the train was still there. 我到车站时已经晚了，但是幸运的是火车还没有开。
[例2] Fortunately，she promised me another chance to interview. 幸运的是，她答应给我一个重新面试的机会。 [造句] 幸运的是，他在最后一刻赶上了最后一班车。 Fortunately，he caught the last bus at the last moment. [知识拓展] (1)fortunately for sb. (2)fortunate adj. be fortunate to do sth. (3)fortune n. make a fortune (4)unfortunate adj. unfortunately adv. misfortune n. 某人幸运的是 幸运的 幸运的做某事 运气；命运；财富 发大财 不幸的 不幸地 厄运 知识要点5 extinction n．灭绝，绝种 (教材P63)Today，as we learn more about sharks，more people than ever want to protect them from extinction.
今天，随着我们对鲨鱼了解得越来越多，越来越多的人想要保护它们免于灭绝。
[例1] Many rare animals are close to extinction，so we must find ways to protect our environment.
许多稀有动物濒临灭绝，因此我们必须想办法保护我们的环境。 [例2] As is often the case，humans are the primary cause of extinction. 通常情况下，人类是物种灭绝的主要原因。 [造句] 这种植物现在有绝种的危险。 The plant is now in danger of extinction. [知识拓展] (1)be close to extinction protect．．．from extinction (2)extinct adj. (3)die out 濒临灭绝 保护……免于灭绝 灭绝的，绝种的 灭绝，绝种 知识要点6 attitude n．(尤指通过行为表现出的对某事的一般)看法，态度；姿势，姿态
(教材P)Complete the chart showing how attitudes towards sharks have changed with words and expressions from the passage.
用本文的单词和短语完成这个展示人们对鲨鱼的态度是如何变化的表格。 [例1] As the saying goes，attitude determines altitude. 俗话说，态度决定高度。
[例2] People with a positive attitude towards life are more likely to succeed. 对生活有积极态度的人更有可能成功。
[造句] 如果你想通过考试，你最好改变你的态度。 If you want to pass the exam，you'd better change your attitude. [知识拓展] attitude to/towards．．． 对……的态度/看法 have/take a positive/negative attitude to/towards．．． take/adopt a/an．．．attitude in a．．．attitude 对……持肯定/否定的态度 采取……的态度 以……的姿势 Sentence Pattern
重点句式 形容词作状语
(教材P62) Some people stopped swimming in the sea，afraid of the horrible creature from the film.
一些人停止在海里游泳，因为害怕遇到电影里描写的这种可怕的动物。 句式分析：afraid of the horrible creature from the film是形容词短语作状语，说明句子主语的特点或处于某种状态。形容词(短语)作状语可以表示方式、原因或伴随状况等，可位于句首、句末或句中，常用逗号与句子其他成分隔开。
[例1] Surprised and afraid，Tom ran out of the room. 又惊又怕，汤姆从房间里跑了出去。
[例2] One woman was lying in bed，awake，listening to the rushing winds. 一位妇女躺在床上，醒着，静听着那急急的风声。 [造句] 长途旅行后他们三个回家了，又累又饿。
After the long journey，the three of them went back home，hungry and tired. [即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The little match girl was walking in the street，cold and hungry(hunger)． ②Surprised(surprise) and happy，Tony stood up and accepted the prize. ③He came back after a trip，tired(tire) but happy.
语法精讲
动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式作补语
一、感官动词后的补语 [观察例句]
①When I was on my way to school this morning，I saw two women arguing. ②When we saw the road blocked with snow，we decided to spend the holiday at home.
③Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help?
④To learn English well，we should find opportunities to hear English spoken as much as possible.
⑤He was just about to sit down when he felt something moving near his feet.
[归纳用法]
(1)感官动词(短语)see，watch，observe，look at，notice，find，discover，catch(当场发现)，hear，listen to，feel，sense(意识到)等后的复合宾语中，若作补语的动词与其前的宾语之间为主动关系，则用动词-ing形式作补语；若为被动关系，则用动词-ed形式作补语。
(2)变成被动语态后宾补就成了主补，形式不发生变化。 二、使役动词后的补语 [观察例句]
①He had us laughing by telling jokes all through the meal. ②He had his leg injured trying to save a mate from a pile of coal. ③He can't have done such a terrible thing as to keep you waiting so long. ④You should keep me informed of his whereabouts.
⑤Only by shouting at the top of his voice was he able to make himself heard. ⑥The photographs made me think back to my schooldays. [归纳用法]
(1)使役动词 have，get，keep，leave等后的复合宾语中，可用动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式作补语，其规则同感官动词。
(2)使役动词make，let后一般不跟动词-ing形式作补语，若作补语的动词与其前的宾语之间为主动关系时，用不带to的不定式。
三、with复合结构中的补语 [观察例句]
①With the exam approaching，it is a good idea to review your class notes. ②With his homework finished，he went out to play. [归纳用法]
在“with＋宾语＋补语”的复合结构中，可用动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式作补语，其规则同感官动词和使役动词。
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