胡壮麟语言学教程第6章专业术语解释

1. Psycholinguistics is the study of psychological aspects of language; it usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language. As an interdisciplinary academic field basied on psychology and linguistics, psycholinguistics investigates the six following subjects: language acquisition,

language

comprehension,

language

production,

language

disorders,language and thought, and cognitive architecture of language, the most important research subjects are acquisition, comprehension and production.

2. Language acquisition is one of the central topics in psycholinguistics. Acquiring a first language is something every child does successfully, in a matter of a few years and without the need for formal lessons. Four phrases are identified and acknowledged in the process of language acquisition: holophrastic stage, two-word stage, three-word utterances, and, fluent grammatical conversation stage.

3. holophrastic stage is the first phase of language acquisition. The main linguistic accomplishments during this stage are control of the speech musculature and sensitivity to the phonetic distinctions used in the parents’ language. Shortly before their first birthday, babies begin to unstand words, and around that birthday, they start to produce them.

4. two-word stage is the second phase of language acquisition. Around 18 months, the child begins to learn words at the rate of one every two walking hours, and keeps learning that rate or faster through adolescence.

5. Three-word utterances stage is the third phase of language acquisition. Three-word utterances look like samples drawn from longer potential sentences expressing a complete and more complated idea.

6. connectionism: With respection to the respect to language comprehension, connectionism in psycholinguistics claims that readers use the same system of links between spelling units and sound units to generate the pronunciations of written words and to access the pronunciations of familiar words, or words that are exceptions to these patterns. In this view, similarity and frequency play important roles in processing and comprehending language, with the novel iterms being processed based on their similarity to known ones.

7. Cohort model is a supposed doctrine dealing with the spoken word recognition postulation postulated by Marslen-Wilson and Welsh in 1990. It is suggested that the first few phonemes of a spoken word activate a set or cohort of word candidates that are consistent with the input. These candidates compete with one another for activation. As more acoustic input is analyzed, candidates that are no longer consistent with the input drop out of the set. This process continues until only one word candidate is a clear winner.

8. Interactive model holds that in recognizing the spoken words higher processing levels have direct, “top-down” influence on lower levels. Lexical knowedge can affect the perception of phonemes. There is interactivity in the formal of lexical effects on the perception of sublexical units. In certain cases, listeners’ knowledge of words can lead to the inhibition of certain phonems; in

other cases, listeners continue to “hear” phonemes that have been removed from the speech signal and replaced by noise.

9. Race model suggests in spoken word recognition there are two routes that race each other—a pre-lexical route, which computers phonological information from the acoustic signal, and a lexical route in which the phonological information associated with a word becomes available when the word itself is accessed When word—level information appears to affect a lower-level process, it is assumed that the lexical route won the race.

10. Serial model proposes that the sentence comprehension system continually and sequentially follows the constraints of a language grammar with remarkable speed. serial model describes how the processor quickly constructs one or more representations of a sentence based on a restricted range of information that is guaranteed to be relevant to its interpretation ,primarily grammatical information .Any such representation is then quickly interpreted and evaluated, using the full range of information that might be relevant.

11. Parallel model emphasizes that the comprehension system is sensitive to a vast range of information .including grammatical, lexical, and contextual, as well as knowledge of the speaker\\writer and of the world in general. parallel model describes how the processor users all relevant information to quickly evaluate the full range of possible interpretations of a sentence .it is generally acknowledged that listener and readers integrate and situational knowledge in understanding a sentence.

12. Resonance model is a model about text comprehension, in this model , information in long-term memory is automatically activated by the presence of material that apparently bears a rough semantic relation to it .semantic details, including factors such as negation that drastically change the truth of propositions , do not seem to affect the resonance process. It emphasized a more active and intelligent search for meaning as the basis by which a reader discovers the conceptual structure of a discourse. In reading a narrative text, reader attempts to build a representation of the causal structure of the text. analyzing events in terms of goals ,actions, and reactions . A resonance process serves as first stage in processing a text, and , reading objectives and details of text structure determine whatever a reader goes further searches for a coherent structure for the text.

13. Construal is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point, figure-ground segregation etc.

14. Construal operations are conceptualizing processes used in language process by human beings. That is, construal operations are the underlying psychological processes and resources employed in the interpretation of linguistic expressions.

15. Figure-ground alignment seems to apply to space with the ground as the prepositional object and the preposition expressing the spatial relation configuration. It also applies to human perception of moving object. Since the moving object is typically the most prominent one, because it is moving, it is

typically the figure, while the remaining stimuli constitute the ground.

16. Trajector means a moving or dynamic figure.

17. Landmark means the ground provided for a moving figure.

18. Basic level category is the most economical level at which you can find the most relevant information. The information on our interactions with objects in the real world are stored at this level. It is at this level that we conjure up the gestalt of the category.

19. Subordinate level is the level at which we perceive the differences between the members of the basic level categories.

20. Image schema is a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience.

21. Metaphor involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed in terms of the others. It’s often described in terms of a target domain and a source domain. The target domain is the experience being described by the metaphor and the source domain is the means that we use in order to describe the experience.

22. Metonymy is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of

the name of one thing for that of another.

23. Ontological metaphors mean that human experiences with physical objects provide the basis for ways of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc., as entities and substances.

24. Structural metaphors play the most important role because they allow us to go beyond orientation and referring and give us the possibility to structure one concept according to another.

25. Generic space maps onto each of the inputs. It reflects some common, usually more abstuct, structure and organization shared by the inputs. It defines the core cross-space mapping between them.

26. Blend space is the fourth space onto which is partially projected by inputs I1 and I2.